Child Abuse – a Criminology perspective
By
Sharmila Bose
(M.A. in
Pol. Science, History and PGD in Human Rights)
Independent
Researcher in Political Science
Introduction
Childhood is a tender stage of human
individual that makes and breaks the human personality. Parenthood is considered an important role in
building sociology towards better society.
Child abuse is not just limited to indoor exploitation, but it is a
systematic channel that is meant to prepare human resources for illicit economy.
Stability is child psychology will bring
a stable adulthood and will not carry as a workforce for organized crime
syndicate, thus it become a perpetual effort to keep the ongoing flow towards
the resources that facilitate the crime syndicates, i.e., from forced labour to
hazardous economy, begging, theft, sex slavery, murder, espionage, conflict
soldiers and rapes.
The sociology of Child Abuse varies
that influences the factors sprouted from cultural, political and
economical. The International Relations also
play a significant role in addressing the trafficking of children that
facilitate the economy of overseas network.
World System based on dependency theory that has ‘core, semi-periphery
and periphery’ relations provides systematic networking that influence
destitution of children.
India, represent Core, Semi-periphery
and Periphery segment of the distribution of child labours, whereas Gujarat,
Mumbai, etc., represent Core, whereas, Bihar, Bengal, U.P, Jharkhand, Orissa
are periphery regions. Gujarat and
Mumbai being transit zones transport children to other foreign territories as
supplies of child labour and sex slaves. Maltreatment of children has universal
pattern and it cannot be isolated as a region or a nation.
The dynamism of Child Abuse is not class
oriented, but it is universal crisis irrespective of region and social/economic
stratum. The victims are generally
identified and targeted in the domestic radar, schools and within the community
circle. This is also called as micro
environments. The radar of abuses is
varied from sexual abuse, bullying, beating, exploitation, neglect, harassment,
deprivation, hunger, etc.
The Institutionalized abuses such as
misappropriation by NGOs, Orphanage and Child Care Center, Religious
Institutions, etc. plays significant role that creates passage for child
trafficking. Commercial Surrogate is
another modes-operandi that subjugates rights of children towards their
biological parents and compromises their natural rights.
Children trapped in the crime-syndicates
such as beggar mafia, etc. are the most inhuman ways of child abuse. Child abduction is the pattern that makes
these children destitute in the hands of mafia.
Girls becomes vulnerable to sex-slaves and looses their innocence much
before they become adult mentally and physically to absorb the most cruel and
social atrocities.
This paper will explore the vulnerabilities
of children in two ways, first as a target of exploitation, i.e. victim and
second, a resource for crime, i.e. perpetrator.
It is also relevant to examine whether Juvenile Justice System protects
the rights as Juvenile or treat them as apprentice of crime and bring them
under the Criminal Justice System. This
research document will further explore organized crime syndicate strategically
target children in lieu of protecting their interests through NGOs that
advocates the welfare of children. The
exploitation of children is a crime and the study of Child Rights should be
done under the ambit of Criminology.
Definition of Child Abuse and its
parameters
According
to UNICEF violence against children can be "physical and mental abuse and
injury, neglect or negligent treatment, exploitation and sexual abuse. Violence
may take place in homes, schools, orphanages, residential care facilities, on
the streets, in the workplace, in prisons and in places of detention."
Such violence can affect the normal development of a child impairing their
mental, physical and social being. In extreme cases abuse of a child can result
in death. Child abuse has many forms:
physical, emotional, sexual, neglect, and exploitation. Any of these that are
potentially or actually harmful to a child's health, survival, dignity and
development are abuse.[1]
Gujarat
registered a whopping 70 per cent increase in rape and kidnapping of minor
children. In 2012, the number of rape cases against minor girls was 150 but it
shot up to 263 by the end of 2013. Gujarat ranks fourth nationally in abandonment
of children either in garbage dumps or near hospitals after Maharashtra that
reported 259 such cases in 2013.[2] If proper investigation is done the abundant
child could be child abduction. Gujarat
and Mumbai being the Port and the transit region, these abducted children are
dumped for traffickers to transit overseas.
More
girls in Gujarat seem to be reporting “sexual abuse” than anywhere else in the
country. According to a recent status report published by an NGO — Save the
Children — over 63 percent girls in Gujarat have reported sexual abuse which is
the highest in the country. Madhya Pradesh (57%) and West Bengal (56%) stand
second and third in the report titled, `Wings 2014: The World of India’s
Girls’, conceptualised by the NGO and prepared by Advanced Centre for Women’s
Studies of Tata Institute of Social Science (TISS).[3] Gujarat is a core and a transit region so the
girls are under the vulnerability of the sex crime, so the Madhya Pradesh and
Bengal are periphery regions hence these girls are equally vulnerable to the
sexual crimes.
The use of child soldiers in armed
conflicts is qualified as one of the worst forms of child labour and concerns
up to 300,000 individuals under the age of 18 years, some of whom are much
younger. Mostly they are in developing countries with the situation being worse
in sub-Saharan Africa, where two-thirds of contemporary armed conflicts are
raging. International legal standards have been developed over the past 30
years. The difficulties in implementing them are due to the fact that, in most
cases, child soldiers are present in the context of failed states, of internal
conflicts, non-state actors, paramilitary organizations, organized crime,
minorities and vulnerable groups, and/or mobile or displaced populations.[4] Similar things we have witnessed in Kashmir,
where children were involved in stone throwing as civil protest used by
separatists against Indian Army. The
pellet guns attack these children vulnerable to permanent damage from the loss
of sight and even to death. “We had 440 pellet patients who were hit in the
eyes. Of these, 60 to 70 patients were under the age of 15,” consultant
ophthalmologist at the SMHS Sajad Khanday told The Hindu.
These three factors indicate that the
Child Abuse is not limited to the domestic atmosphere, where children have
vulnerability to maltreatment, but also the economy sector that exploits the
economic compulsion of the population that forced children to surrender their
tenderness to the hands of exploiters for larger profits. Further the child soldiers also indicate that
the life of children has no significance that becomes easy prey to the hands of
political conflicts that robs their basic rights towards life and liberty.
Child abuse is a violation of the basic
human rights of a child and is an outcome of a set of inter-related familial,
social, psychological and economic factors. The problem of child abuse and
human rights violations is one of the most critical matters on the
international human rights agenda. In the Indian context, acceptance of child
rights as primary inviolable rights is fairly recent, as is the universal
understanding of it.[5]
The parameter of Child Abuse can be
viewed that the Child is the victim of all sorts of atrocities are already
floating of as human cruelty, while the child is dependent on its parents and
the Laws of civility that protect the interest of any individuals includes
children. If a proper evaluation is
done, generally children are victims of maltreatment where there is a regime of
limited State or failed State that gives provision to emerge a para-community
that has no accountability to the Rule of Constitutional Laws that protects
Life and Liberty.
Child Abuse parameters are the process
of nurturing towards human trafficking that is meant towards sex slavery. Physical abuse, sexual abuse, hunger, under-education,
bullying, etc. are tend to make the victim a timid and low self-esteem person
and loose its self-confidence or generate hatred, anger and violence against
it’s surrounding. Both these two
extremes benefit the crime syndicates that flourish due to limited reasoning
and controlled through emotions.
Organized crime emerges out of the
power vacuum that is created by the absence of state enforcement, and which can
have many sources: geographic, social, and ethnic distance, prohibition, or
simply collapse of state institutions. Mafias and gangs are hierarchically
organized and can be thought of as providing primitive state functions, with
economic costs that are typically much higher than those associated with modern
governance.[6]
The networking of the crime syndicates
have penetrated every Institution that nurtures children, whether it is
domestic sphere, school, Orphanages, child care center, etc., including the
Ministries of Human Resources Department.
It identifies the background of children so that the child can be
trapped according to the profile of the victim.
Child bullying by adolescences children are the modes operendi through
the adult by luring them for benefits.
Crime has no accountability and
morality. It survives on destruction and
destitution and that is why Civility has always condemned it. The values of modern governance see that abuses
and exploitation against the human morality and raises issues and concern and
try to find the ways and mechanism to correct them. Though the Laws have created to counter the
issue of the heinous crimes against children, which is primarily Child Sex Abuse
(CSA), it is not possible to curtail or check the crimes against children without
addressing the crimes that have been nurtured strategically by way of
manipulation of discourse towards identity and class domain than evaluating it
as the economy of crimes and its human resources.
Economy of Sex through Trafficking
The dynamism of economies of human
trafficking of illicit economy, Child Sex Abuse (CSA) is a strategic tool
towards preparing workforce towards sex slavery. The children irrespective of gender tend to
become resources to exploit further children and/or surrender to the
prostitution. The voluntarily
prostitution become the outcome of the sex abused faced by children and they
see no scope to get out since, sexual abuse become social stigma and there is
no forum that can make them rehabilitate.
Child Sex Abuse also create a fabric of pimps and traffickers that force
the future adults to destroy the innocence of children through toxicities and
blackmailing since they were themselves abused in the past. In the absence of counseling and awareness the
victims do not provision to repair the errors faced by them.
As with the international drug trade
and the illicit arms trade, profit is the driving motive for human trafficking.
Human traffickers connect the supply of labour in source areas with the demand
for labour in destination areas. Corruption in politicians and law enforcement
officers contribute to both the lack of accurate information on human
trafficking and the ease with which traffickers transport and exploit victims.[7]
The Department of Health and Human
Services in the United States defines sex trafficking as the “modern-day form
of slavery in which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or
coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such an act is under the
age of 18 years”. This definition identifies sex trafficking for the injustice
that it is, and it also highlights the growing trend of sexual exploitation
among minors including child prostitution and child sex trafficking. However,
it is critical to clarify that sex trafficking is a crime despite the age of
the victim, but in the case of minors, it is still illegal for anyone under the
age of eighteen as well as the persons involved with a minor whether that be
prostitution (potentially voluntary) or sex trafficking (assumedly
involuntary).[8]
Surrendering sexuality is the pivotal
role for women and children that engage them in the economy of crime. This sexual submission is not restricted to
economy restricted zones but also to the elites since, the economy of sexuality
has no class barriers. Hence, the
vulnerability of Child Sex Abuse is not restricted, but it is universal.
Modern
human slavery is a growing global phenomenon that currently entraps an
estimated 2 million victims, and generates $7 Billion in criminal profits
annually, rating third in profitability only after drugs and arms sales for the
Mafia, yakuzas, cartels and similar international criminal organizations. In is
estimated that 30,000 sexual slaves die each year around the world from
torture, neglect and diseases including HIV/AIDS. [9]
The longevity of the sex slaves is
limited due to the vulnerability of sexual diseases. The continuous demand for the resources is
the reason of the random child abuse and creation of resources through
manipulation, deception and force. Rapes
in the society are the precondition of sex trafficking since rapes destroys the
confidence of the victims and are easily traded into the business.
Juvenile Crimes and its dynamism
Government policy on juvenile
delinquency must often struggle with the appropriate balance of concern over
the healthy development of children and adolescents who violate the law and a
public desire to punish criminals. This tension between rehabilitation and
punishment when dealing with children and adolescents who commit crimes results
in an ambivalent orientation toward young offenders. Criminal acts must be
suppressed, condemned, and punished. Nevertheless, children and adolescents who
commit criminal acts must be educated and supported in a growth process that
should be the objective of government policy for all young people, including
young offenders.[10]
Though there should not be any sympathy
to the crime offender, but it is also important to deal with the factors that
become provocative to the criminal acts.
It is also important to understand the migration of children from the
remote to urban makes them into the grip of racketeers and they generally
become victim to the conspiracy of the adult minds.
Petty
crimes in general and heinous crimes in particular are being committed
regularly in India by children. Crimes such as theft, burglary, snatching which
are not so serious in nature or crimes such as robbery, dacoity, murder and
rape etc which are relatively serious are on the rise in whole of the country.
And the unfortunate thing is that all types of these crimes are also being
committed by children below the age of 18 years. Among juveniles also there is
a specific trend that juveniles between the age of 16 to 18 years are found to
be more involved in heinous criminal acts. Among juveniles also there is a
specific trend that juveniles between the age of 16 to 18 years are found to be
more involved in heinous criminal acts. According to the National Crime Records
Bureau, the data of 2013 shows that of the 43,506 crimes registered against
minors under the Indian Penal Code (IPC) and the Special Local Law (SLL) by
juveniles, 28,830 had been committed by those between the ages of 16 to 18. The
statistics also show the number of juveniles found to be in conflict with law
under the IPC and the SLL has risen 13.6% and 2.5% respectively in 2013, as
compared with 2012.[11]
Though
these data are random, but it is also important to find out the pattern of
crimes by Juvenile. Are these juveniles
are independent in crime design and/or they are tools of the crimes design by
adults and just act as contract criminals?
The criminal act of murder, rape, theft, etc., needs a channel and the
purpose. Further there is also need to
understand their status whether they are locals or the migrated
populations. Most of the crime is done
by the migrated population and they are into the network that has the political
patronage.
In
India, the first legislation dealing with children in conflict with law or
children committing crime was the Apprentices Act, 1850. It provided that
children under the age of 15 years found to have committed petty offences will
be bounded as apprentices.[12]
Apprentices of offences are generally applauded by adults involved in the
economy of crimes. Hence, isolating
children from the ambit of adults in crimes would not yield any results in
providing Justice to Juveniles.
The
Nirbhaya rape incident that raised many issue and a strict Law framed against
the crimes of rapes did not yield any results except awareness and concern of
crimes against women. Similarly,
imprisoning children under new Juvenile act as adult crimes that have the
patronage from the adults who are the beneficiaries of the crimes is mainly not
a fair justice to Juvenile. Juvenile
crimes cannot be isolated with the adult crimes. These juveniles are the tools of adult and
there is a need to expand the investigation of crime and re-evaluate the laws
that provides loopholes for the perpetrators.
The social factors that engages
juvenile attracted to the crimes is the lack-of proper parenthood and
engagement attitude towards the morality in the society. When the economy is generated through
recreations of drugs, sex and gambling, the juvenile tends to get trapped and
ultimately become the tool of crimes.
Lack-of skill orientation towards the constructive role in the society
makes these juvenile vulnerable.
The types of offenses for which girls
are arrested differ from the types for which boys are arrested. Girls have
consistently been most likely to be arrested for larceny/theft, which usually
involves shoplifting and for running away from home. Boys have consistently
higher arrest rates than girls for all crimes except for prostitution and
running away.[13]
“UNICEF is of the view that reducing the
minimum age of criminal responsibility is not the solution to the use of
children 15 years or below in the commission of crimes. It will violate the
very essence of justice if children who have been exploited by criminal
syndicates are penalized instead of the adults who had exploited them,” Atty.
Alberto Muyot, UNICEF Child Protection Specialist said. [14] There is a need of distributive studies how
the juvenile are trapped towards crime that benefits adult economy and the
policies should be made accordingly.
Pedogate - Global Child Exploitation Crime Syndicate
The way
every economy of crime has their syndicates, such as arms, drugs, trafficking,
organ smuggling, forced labour, etc., and they specialized in their field and
its networking pattern, similarly, Child exploitation has also nurtured by
syndicate that has its own dynamism and networking system. It has its market and resources
generation. This crime syndicate has
been termed as “pedogate”, while the US Awake citizen and its federal
institution FBI have exposed this “pedogate” as pizzagate. Exploitation of children in the Global set-up
is not the sociological disorder. Even
though it has been tried to define as pedophilia is a mental illness, then how
there is a random increase in the child sex abuse in the every corner of the
world.
By
some estimates, 1 per cent of the male population continues, long after
puberty, to find themselves attracted to prepubescent children. These people
are living with pedophilia, a sexual attraction to prepubescents that often
constitutes a mental illness. Unfortunately, our laws are failing them and,
consequently, ignoring opportunities to prevent child abuse.[15]
If one percent of the male population constitute of
the mental illness towards the sexual attraction towards prepubescents, then
how there are institutionalized exploitation of children connecting the most
powerful institutions of the World, such as CIA and other intelligence network
in the Globe. There is much more to the
pedophilia besides the mental illness.
It is an Organised Crime towards the vested interest towards
blackmailing, extortion, organ smuggling, child bloody sacrifice towards
Kabalistic occult rituals and political control. The recent exposure on Pizzagate, a
co-ordinate effort by FBI and alert citizen group in US has exposed the modes-operendi
of the undercover institution to check the politician and people in decisive
position towards protecting their interest and power-play.
What
makes Pizzagate so very explosive is that all of the key
players are deep in D.C. politics and Washington power-plays, US government
influence peddling and federal power-brokering. And then there is the
C.I.A., often regarded as the intelligence agency that not only controls the
many Pedogates occurring nationwide, but also closely
monitors each and every one of them. After all, these unimaginable child
abuse operations are implemented — first and foremost — as the primary control
mechanism that keeps American politicians in complete check.[16] India's former Foreign Minister Natwar Singh
says that the CIA told India's former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh which
people to choose for his cabinet. Natwar
Singh says that CIA agents have "penetrated deep into every sphere of
decision and policy making" in the Indian government.[17]
CIA and MOSSAD, to a large extent, are under the control of the British Deep
State. CIA was founded by Britain, by
the British deep state. MOSSAD was also founded by the British deep state. And
it was the British deep state that drew the borders of Israel.[18]
It
is thus, very crucial to understand the control system of the World’s
undercover, defacto governance that is controlled by British Royals and
Rothschild that facilitated the creation of Israel through a strategic design
of WWI and WWII. Child sacrifice is the
most crucial aspect of the Kabalistic culture sprouted from Mesopotamia
civilization, for those in Power to sustain to the surrender to the satanic
rituals. There is a huge demand of
children as offering for the power of few in the Shadow world. The qualification of this network to is
surrender to these rituals to attain its power.
Naturally, when the Power is attained on Child sacrifice, then how any
policy and its implementation can be benefit to child’s interest?
Pizzagate has
simply uncovered what everyone in Washington has always known. That
virtually every politician of note is controlled by having been compromised
with an illegal and/or outrageous sexual affair, often with underage children.
In once Puritan America this has always been the easiest way to bring
down a noncompliant elected official. Of course, if the unlawful and
lurid conduct occurred in the context of child rape or satanic ritual
sacrifice, their political career not only ended, so was their freedom of
movement due to imprisonment.[19]
This
is the reason that Political Leaders who represent the people’s interest in the
democratic set-up do not work for the interest of the people of their
country. Random loots and anti-people
policies have always overlooked by political leaders, media and the people in
the decisive position.
In
May of this year a federal grand jury indicted former Speaker of the House John
Dennis Hastert. The charges: that he had “structured” withdrawals of over
$950,000 from various bank accounts to skirt bank reporting laws and that he
had lied to federal agents about these withdrawals. According to the indictment
the withdrawals were part of a bid to pay $3.5 million in blackmail to cover up
“past misconduct” from his time as a high school teacher in Illinois. The story
seemed perfect fodder for the tabloid corporate press. It featured a former
high-ranking politician, blackmail and intrigue, and just enough details about
Hastert’s former life as a teacher and wrestling coach to suggest that the
“past misconduct” referred to a salacious scandal of sexual abuse of a minor.
But for some reason the story faded from the headlines almost as quickly as it
appeared.[20]
The
media cry against the accused of minor sexual assault will surely raise eyes of
population and will be justified for imprisonment, but such voices diminished
when the money is paid. This clearly
indicates that how the child empathy is a tool of power mongers towards
extortion.
In
America, allegations of political pedophile rings date back decades, with the
most notorious being the Franklin scandal in which Lawrence E. King Jr. was
accused of running an elite child prostitution ring for Nebraska Republican
Party members and high-ranking U.S. politicians.[21] Pedophile is mainly seen in the elite class
where they enjoy the innocence of children where they are fresh and
non-contaminated and without any disease.
Only
10% of human trafficking in India is international, while almost 90% is
interstate. Nearly 40,000 children are abducted every year of which 11000
remain untraced according to a report by the National Human Rights Commission
of India.[22] Abduction of 40,000 children across the
country where 11000 remain untraced is not possible without the crime syndicate
and police protection under the political patronage. The absence of concrete policies that could
curtail the crime against children is only to facilitate the strategies of
British deep state through its arms of CIA-Mossad under the patronage of
Rothschild, the Jewish who is sustaining its position through child sacrifice
to Kabalistic rituals. The untraced
11000 children are mostly sacrificed to the Occult rituals and/or killed them
towards organ smuggling.
It’s
crucial to comprehend that the C.I.A. does not, and never has, worked for the
American people. The Company, as it is also known, works exclusively
for the Military Industrial Complex and other key Fortune 1000
companies scattered around the globe. The C.I.A. is also employed by select
NGOs, which have actually been set up as CIA front companies like the Clinton
Foundation. The Clinton Global Initiative is just that—a global CIA operation
that interpenetrates every kind of corporation that is necessary to perform a
backup wherever it is necessary to have such a benevolent cover.[23]
Isolating CIA is not sufficient to
handle the issue, the Mossad that is responsible for executing the policies of
CIA towards military intelligence and Corporate scattered across the
globe. This intelligence have multi-layer
network, i.e. as Institutions and non-government agencies, schools, religious
trust/god-man, etc. Clinton Foundation
is one of them in US, just like Navjoyoti Foundation under Kiran Bedi and
Prayas under Amod Kanth in India. Both of them are ex-officials of Delhi
Police, the Law Enforcement Agencies and part of Mossad network. All these Non-Government Agencies actually
work for the interest of children and there is no one to investigate how the
children are trafficked through their sub-contractual agencies. The Pedogate actually works with the
networking of the NGOs that work in the interest of children. The function of
these CEOs of these NGOs remain deceptive and beyond any accountability. There is a network of NGOs who are ground
rooted to the remote remain under the trafficking radar that facilitate British
deep state agenda towards global power.
The
very endeavor that put the Clinton Foundation on the map was its response to
the catastrophic earthquake in Haiti. However, a woman who was caught and
convicted of child smuggling (33 children) — Laura Silsby — and who Secretary
of State Clinton tried to protect from prosecution, also has ties to the
Foundation. Which is why the mainstream media (MSM) was eerily silent
on this whole criminal matter?[24]
Why
just media, why, the international agencies did not take suo-motu initiative in the interest of children being
smuggled. Without the protection from
the State Federal system, no such foundation can function. In such case, all the activism for Child
Rights is only on documents and far from the realities. Hence, it is CIA/Mossad that is controlling
the destiny of Human population which includes children under the democratic
set-up by intruding into the Law Enforcement Agencies and creating its network
that block policy implementation and checking the contractual crimes that
includes children’s institutionalized maltreatment.
Since
2010, the Clinton Foundation has raised a total of more than $30 million for
Haiti, including relief funds as well as projects focused on supporting Haiti’s
small and medium businesses, improving livelihoods, enhancing education and
exploring the nexus of agriculture, energy and environment. The Clinton
Foundation has helped Haitian businesses develop their skills, increase their
productivity, and connect with international partners.[25]
The theory of aid should be evaluated
that why there is a fund rising business that distributes funds to the NGOs in
the respective countries. There is an
understanding towards surrendering the population to the crime syndicate
through trafficking mainly women and children.
There is no political leadership that could protect the interest of
women and children due to its wrong policies, inefficient system and inadequate
think tank. This incompetence of the
Governance actually supports the British deep state through CIA/Mossad and
local intelligence.
Conclusion
If we evaluate from the above analysis,
the maltreatment of children either in the domestic sphere or in an Institution
towards child care are the strategic tool of the International conspiracy of
the shadow world that influence the policies of the countries. The political process and the Institution of
Governance that protects the Rights and Liberty of every citizen including
children are invaded by this shadow world that is abusing the power and
conspiring against the people in the democratic setup. There is also need to work towards the demand
while restricting the supplies while working on child’s destitution in the hands
of adults.
All the policies, legislation and
activism are cover-up issues and a conspiracy to hide the real abuse of
children in the hand of few powerful groups in the World Order that is run by
the Crime Syndicates. There is no
appropriate approach is taken to uncover the real hazards towards the Child’s
Rights, which is suppressed under the engagement of activism under the tag of
Child’s empathy.
International bodies such as UNICEF,
WHO, ILO cannot resolve the issue of Child abuse unless it has a collective
approach with other UN’s bodies of UNODC, Interpol, UNSC and UNHRC. Without the collective approach on Child
Abuse, it will be difficult to protect the Child’s Rights. Children are the
future generation and without securing their interest and well-being, the World
Security will not be preserved.
[1]
Childline India Foundation, http://www.childlineindia.org.in/child-abuse-child-violence-india.htm
[2]
Desai Darshan, Ahmedabad, July, 1, 2014,
http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/sex-crime-against-minors-gujarat-child-abuse/1/370302.html
[3]
Nair Avinash, December 30, 2014, http://indianexpress.com/article/india/gujarat/girls-in-modis-gujarat-record-highest-incidence-of-sexual-abuse/
[4] Vautravers Alexandre J., Why Child Soldiers are Such a Complex Issue,
Refugee Survey Quarterly (2009) 27 (4): 96-107.
https://academic.oup.com/rsq/article/27/4/96/1541946/Why-Child-Soldiers-are-Such-a-Complex-Issue
[5]Study
on Child Abuse, India 2007, Ministry of Women and Child Development, Government
of India, http://www.childlineindia.org.in/pdf/MWCD-Child-Abuse-Report.pdf
[6] Skaperdas Stergios, The political
economy of organized crime: providing protection when the state does not,
Department of Economics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697,
U.S.A, http://www.queensu.ca/dms/DMS_Course_Materials_and_Outline/Readings-MPA831/PolEconOfOrgCrime-831.pdf
[7] Wheaton Elizabeth M., Schauer Edward J.
and Galli Thomas V., Economics of Human Trafficking, International Migration
Vol. 48 (4) 2010, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-2435.2009.00592.x/pdf
[8] Robertson, Grace (2012) "The Injustice of Sex
Trafficking and the Efficacy of Legislation," Global Tides: Vol. 6,
Article 4. Available at:
http://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/globaltides/vol6/iss1/4
[9] Goolsby, Jr. Charles M. Dynamics of
Prostitution and Sex Trafficking from Latin America into the United States
http://www.childtrafficking.com/Docs/cul_bground_latin_america_0108.pdf
[10] Patterns and Trends in Juvenile Crime
and Juvenile Justice." Institute of Medicine and National Research
Council. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The
National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
[11] Srivastava,
Namit K, Juvenile Crimes in India, http://www.indiacelebrating.com/social-issues/juvenile-crimes/
[12]
ibid
[13] Patterns and Trends in Juvenile Crime
and Juvenile Justice." Institute of Medicine and National Research
Council. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The
National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
[14] Punish criminal
syndicates, not children –-UNICEF, Philippines, UNICEF, https://www.unicef.org/philippines/8891_9770.html
[15] Kaplan Margo, 2014, October 5, Pedophilia – a
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ibid
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