THE POLITICS OF DRUGS
Issues, Strategies and Solutions
Introduction
Organised Crime in Political Science
Perspective
Organised Crimes
have been evaluated within the framework of Criminology and Political Economy,
which limited the scope of its study and overlooked the logic that how the
Organised Crime actually holds a systematic strategy and homogeneous approach
universally. The close network based on
reliability, has become a major threat on the mainstream economy, which is in a
verge of collapse. To understand
organized crime, there is a need to widen the spectrum of this subject under
the purview of Political Science.
Crime is an
action that invades the Individual’s Peace and creates threat to Individual’s
Life and Property. But when such action
of Invasion, i.e. threats to Peace, Life and Property of the Regime is created,
manipulated and implemented by a nexus is called Organized Crime. Organised Crimes are only meant towards
control of economy without accountability to the population. The terror and manipulation are the key
element of the Organised Crime.
Crime is
generated as an instinct rather than an environment. The collective efforts of instinct compel
them to create a fabric of Mafias that invade the mainstream economy and
society towards their Property, Life and Peace.
Ever since human
being decided towards settlement and formation of Community, it was adhere to
protect from the instinct of invasion towards life, property and peace. The formation of norms and state-system to
check the nomadic tendencies persist in human society since its formation of
Civility.
The
Para-community which was an alien to the civility was always threat to the
mainstream society. The nature and
characteristics of these two regimes were distinct and had the separate
values. The mainstream society that is
bound with norms of the society works towards the continuity and prosperity of
human society. Whereas, the
para-community holds an individualistic approach and lives on day-to-day
basis. The threat from the
para-community to the mainstream always restricts the human progress. This is the reason the activities that
obstruct the progress is termed as Crime or Evil.
The state-owned
organized crime as described by Johan Engval in “The State Under Siege” in
which he has explored the impact of drug trade on security and stability in
Tajakistan. This has the history which started from the medieval period along
with Islamic invasions. The loot and
intruding was the first step towards the transnational organized crime. The Religious conversion was the organized
crime sponsored by the Ruler that invaded the belief system either through
violence or the manipulative laws of Jajiya tax, which was illegal beyond the
Arab peninsula. Conversion was the first
state of Organised Crime which was done either through bribery or through
violence or by manipulation of Law.
The next
evolution of Organised crime came with Colonial era, when the trade was done
with weapon, army and missionary, i.e. passive and active violence. The Colonial era has witnessed a systematic
and strategically approach towards intruding and captivating the resources and
market towards extraction of raw material and sale of end product. The destruction of the indigenous system and
a political control without accountability and extortion in the name of Tax
without providing security and survival has paved the International Organised
Crime under European Imperialism.
The strategies
implemented towards capturing the natural, bio-diversity, traditional
knowledge, human resource and the market were properly planned through the
nexus of local scholars, bureaucratic administrative system, and local
traders. The imperialistic group from Europe invaded and destroyed the Peace, Property and Life
of the indigenous population.
The community of
Traders has the biggest role in the Organized crime since its surplus value is
attained through the margins of the bought produce and the sale of end
product. The manipulation in procurement
and the sale of the produce do erode the trade ethic in case of the greed of
larger surplus value is to be achieved.
This theory has great relevance in understanding the Organized Nexus of
the European Traders in search of raw material and market for its end product.
…The discovery of gold and diamonds in Africa
increased European interest in the continent. So that they would not fight over
the land, European powers met in Berlin
in 1884~85. They agreed that any nation could claim any part of Africa simply by telling the others and by showing that
it had control of the area. They then moved quickly to grab land. By 1914, only
Liberia and Ethiopia
were independent of European control.
The Europeans began to build plantations where they grew peanuts, palm oil, cocoa, and rubber. They also took important minerals. TheCongo produced copper and tin. South Africa
had gold and diamonds.[1]
The Europeans began to build plantations where they grew peanuts, palm oil, cocoa, and rubber. They also took important minerals. The
During the era
of Industrialization, mass production became the mainstream economy in the Europe . The
procurement strategy for the Production input, such as raw material, human
resources and Market needed a systematic planning. Three aspects on the European Imperialistic
strategy of Raw Material through unethical trade practice, such as terror of
war, economic crime such as breach of Trade ethics, transportation of labour
through Human Trafficking and captivation of Market through biased and closed
policies.
.. Technology helped them succeed. Steam engines, railroads,
and telegraphs made them able to penetrate deep into Africa
and still have contact with the home country Machine guns gave them a weapon of
far greater power than any African peoples possessed[2]
The spectrum of
Organised crime has the following parameter:
- Natural Resources
- Human Resources
- Market
Human Resources
are extremely important towards the execution of the Strategies towards
exploitation of Resources and Market.
This could be possible through Political Control.
Initially, the
European traders used the appellant policies to create a trade relation, i.e.
procurement and sale and there were huge transaction of bullion. This was within the Trade ethics. But under British colony, such system was
taken over by the strategic approach.
The barter system was used towards trade relation. The barter system was gradually taken over by
forced system through submission of defense mechanism of the provinces and the
foreign relation between the provinces.
Gradually, it took the shape of Comparative Trade which only favoured the
British Economy and destroyed the indigenous economy of the Colonies.
..the British East India Company was becoming the most
important power in India .
It held huge amounts of land~almost the entire subcontinent. British law forced
India
to supply raw materials such as tea, indigo (a dye), coffee, and cotton. The
law also forced Indian manufacturing out of business.[3]
The same
mechanism used in the transaction of the narcotics trade in Mexico as indicated by Robert C.
Bonner. “At first, the Mexican cartels
acted primarily as transporters for the Colombian cartel and were paid in
cash. But by the early 1990s, the
Colombian cartels were paying them in powder of cocaine, which led the Mexican
trafficking organization to create their own distribution network in the United States and within Mexico , eventually eclipsing the
Colombians’ influence.”[4] This increase the network and trade interest.
The Opium War
that China fought with
British Empire was a part of the Colonial strategy by which India ’s land was used to grow the Opium and China
became the market. So, the War for Trade
by which the Raw material was produced by the Colony and end product was sold
through smuggling. The chaotic trade
relation in the International arena through manipulation and trade on gun-point
was the first Economic Crime under International Trade which was induced by the
British Traders under the umbrella of British Imperialism.
Another strategy
was used to promote the trade interest by the British imperialism was through
the International Treaties in the name of International Laws, which was to suit
their Domestic requirement and was absolutely a foreign concept for the rest of
the continents and were trapped due to ignorance. The invasion on Chinese culture and values
through the toxic utilities was against the Trade ethics and first step towards
Global Crime. Robert Merton’s theory explains crime in terms of the lack of
balance between what he saw as the ‘culturally approved goals’ and the ‘institutionally
approved means of achieving these goals’, i.e. Culture versus Institution.
WWII was the war
of Economy which were nothing but to destroy the Colonial Rivalry. The loss of economy and human resources
destroyed the rival trading capabilities.
The rise of mafia and gangs towards the transnational crime in a small
group which was first rose from Italy
and operated in US being a Stateless society under the liberal policy in
economy.
The formation of
United Nations, which was a new global arrangement to bind the independent
nations and those who were freed from the Colonial grip created a sovereign
atmosphere in the Global arena. Though
the Trade ethics could not be defied under such system, but the instinct of
Power and Invasion for the resources could not be curtailed by the imperialist
nations. In the meantime, sufficient
time gap were provided to correct the losses in Europe
after the WWII. It took almost 20 years
span to recover from the loss and to come into the shape for policies of Power
orientation.
With the end of
Ideological War with the disintegration of USSR , it gave a great scope of
exploration economy ‘without accountability’.
The liberation of economy from the license raj and withdrawal of State intervention in Economy has created a
greater scope towards the inclination of quick money through manipulation and
fraud. Though it has generated enormous
enterprising opportunity, but there were no mechanism that could check the
shattering and directionless economy.
This paved ways towards exploitation of natural resources and
accumulation of wealth in few hands.
Post-industrializing
and mass production in every sovereign nation blocked the hegemony in the
Industrial sector that was providing huge remuneration to the European nations.
Dejure economy remained restricted and hence the alternative method to acquire
economy to maintain the growing overheads of the huge lifestyle of the Western
society. The illicit economy became the tool towards the continuity of the
British Imperialism that controls over huge territory under Commonwealth
Nations and its allied nations.
Globalization further paved a larger aspect of Feudal Economy by easing
the International Relations through relaxed territorial transactions. It is important that Organised Crime should
be evaluated within the framework of threat to Regime, i.e. Human Trafficking,
stealing the State Treasure, i.e. Financial Frauds and IR Strategies, i.e.
Drugs, Terrorism and Arms Smuggling.
In the
forthcoming segment there will be an elaborate understanding on various forms
of Transnational Crimes, its facilitation and its combating mechanism.
ISSUES
The Regime of Drugs
Chapter I
The Regime of Drugs
Democracy and
Drugs are the modern reality of Politics.
Drugs have a significant role in Politics historically. The relevance of Drugs in Politics has two
prospective. The first is to check the
reasoning abilities and secondly, it is a tool of deception.
Opium was the
historically used as the toxic element for the usage for Political purpose and
medicine. It was a naturally grown toxic
plant. In the Political usage, opium was used for the military purpose. Military is an Institution of Discipline and
submission of reasoning in executing their duties. Since, historically military is either used
for self-defense or aggression so submission of reasoning towards killing or
death was mandatory hence toxic became tool towards that submission. Person will reasoning will never kill or die
and become a tool towards political strategy unless it has bonding with
nationalism. As toxic elements destroy
the reasoning abilities along with the continuity in utility due to addiction,
so it becomes a tool of motivation and discipline for War, whether for
self-protection or aggression policies.
Opium was also
used as a tool of deception in the era of Dynasty and its inheritance
legacy. Inheritance was a crude concept
and opium was a tool to manipulate the control of the Legacy and hence Opium
was always used in the Political Arena to destroy the reasoning skill and
abilities to govern the regime. It was
also used to block the non-equipped to lead the legacy. In both the way Opium was a Political tool
and it had its relevance historically in case of family inheritance.
Two Opium Wars[5],
i.e. 1839-42 and 1856-60 fought against China
and Britain
that has the significant relevance to understand the Politics of Drugs in the
Era of Democracy. Chinese emperor
resisted to promote Opium trade to the region since it destroys human virtues
and sense of reasoning. China
is historically a culturally governed nation with values and morality. Since opium usage creates toxic and leads to
addiction, it was prohibited for consumption of the masses.
British
Political strategy was to control the Economy and Resources, i.e. Natural and
Human through colonization process.
British’s expansionist policies were not to establish its rule in the
region, but to Control the resources of the region. Control and Rule have distinct approach,
control is suppression whereas rule stand for accountability. Opium trading became a most valuable produce
for the British Imperialism towards resource generation. Opium became economy and political tool for
the Colonial process.
Since opium
creates toxic and addiction so it has a confirmed market and gradually it
increases. This is a product to which
consumers will pay the dictated price, but also submit their individual
sovereignty towards its procurement.
That is why drugs traffickers are themselves drugs consumers.
During the
process of time, there have been many innovations towards it’s farming as crop
to the processing of drugs that have taken a drastic leap into modernization
from crop to power. Now there are
varieties of drugs that have captivated the market and gave variation in the
toxic elements.
Drugs trafficking have two way approach, i.e.
Multi-level Marketing and through the facilitator of prostitution. Prostitutes play a significant role in Drug
Marketing. In Multi-level marketing, it
forms a pyramid system and the benefit of sale of drugs reaches to all. Human Trafficking for the sexual slavery is
mainly inducing the Drugs through the facilitation of sex.
The production of Drugs or Cultivation of Opium
and its trafficking is a huge network.
It is protected by Violence such as internal security crisis, i.e. War
of Ideologies and the Identity Conflicts.
Drugs consumption not only created huge resource generation for the
British Imperialism, but it also creates a fabric of Criminals and Contract
Killers, whether state sponsored or jihadis
to protect the Drug Trade and free flow of illicit activities.
Drugs Trade has huge political backing and
Political manipulation. Drugs trade
established a fabric of Core, Semi-periphery and Periphery relations. Every region has Core element, i.e.
Cultivation section, then the Transit nation, i.e. Semi-periphery and also the land of Destination
In South Asia, India is
the Cultivator whereas Nepal
that newly attained democratic system is the transit nation of drugs[6],
whereas, India India
from Pakisatan and Afghanistan
Similarly, Myanmar
is the land of Cultivation
of opium whereas Thailand is
the transit nation and China
is the biggest trading partner of Myanmar Malaysia are from Myanmar ,
Laos and West
Asia .[10]
Heroin trafficked to North America, by contrast,
largely originates in South-East Asia, which provides more than half of North
American demand,[11] with the rest coming from
Colombia, Mexico and South-West Asia.[12][13] Most heroin processing takes
place close to the point of origin. The route of distribution to North America
involves countries and areas such as China ,
Hong Kong , Malaysia ,
Thailand
and, increasingly, African countries for transshipment purposes. The
heroin-smuggling route from South-West Asia to Europe goes mainly through
Pakistan, the Islamic Republic of Iran and Turkey, and along the Balkan route
(which accounts for 70 to 90 per cent of all heroin seizures in Europe), 21The Social Impact of Drug Abuse (UNDCP/TS.2, Vienna, 1996).although
smuggling through the Central Asian Republics of the Commonwealth of
Independent States is becoming popular. The opening of the borders between east
and west in Europe facilitated contacts and
communication that were also used by drug traffickers, increasing the number of
transit routes for drugs and markets for drug consumption.[14]
It is important to understand the relevance of
Political relations amongst the nations that come under the Trafficking
route. The trafficking is mainly done
through sea for the international regional transition whereas, whereas road for
the intra-region trafficking.
Drug trades generate economy and it has a social
relevance. Let us find out that how the
economy is generated through illicit means and further capitalised into the dejure economy and there is the money
circulation from Drugs to Industries and its Global Economy through Wars and
Weapons and Global Policies.
There are four major aspects of the Politics of
Drugs,
- Human
Resource that is generated through human trafficking (exploited
Base/Regime)
- SEZ that
authenticate the illicit economy and poses preferential Laws in the name
of Global Economy. (illicit Economy)
- the Violence
through terror and indigenous insecurity crisis along with invasion in the name of human rights and genocides.
(Security Threat)
- and
lastly, the role of journalism and research approach and its narrow
outlook of the Political and International Relational due to its
facilitation from the illicit economy. (Intellectual Colonisation)
Human Trafficking has four major contributions
towards the economy of Drugs. The
primarily influences is as sexual slavery and crime network and thirdly as a
forced labour to the hazardous industries and finally political
mobilisation. Human trafficking also
encourages peripheral economy such as organ trade and smuggling of counterfeit
produces. Human trafficking also follows
the core, semi-periphery and periphery relations. The licit and illicit migration has a lot of
influence in the economy of Drugs. The
trading that facilitated the industrialization was the surplus of the Drugs
trade. Further it becomes threat to the
Security of the nation through internal disturbances and cross border
terrorism. The manipulation and
opaqueness in the knowledge distribution through mass awareness programme
becomes contaminated due to facilitation of the economy of drugs especially to
the fundamentalism, Media and NGOs.
1.1
Human Trafficking - An illicit migration
There have been
extensive studies on Human Trafficking by Scholars, Organizations and Agencies
providing great details on the patterns, forms, statistics and legislation to
combat the complex organized crime. This
study is an extension of the works already done towards bringing a fresh
understanding about Human Trafficking as a major concern of the unorganized
section of the society.
Human
Trafficking is processes of displacements, which is done methodically by a nexus
due to neglect or disown population by the State system. It should be evaluated parallel with the
concept of Migration, which is a licit physical movement. Human Trafficking whatever is the purpose is
an illicit physical movement under the Sovereignty of Statehood. Illicit and licit movements are based on
parallel economy, i.e. licit economy and illicit economy.
It is generally
observed that there are three stages of the Human Trafficking, i.e. Source,
Transit and Destination. It can be
further added as supplier, market and consumer.
The four major Trafficking issues that have been discussed in various
platforms where men, women and
children are abused are
i.
Sex Slavery
ii.
Forced Labour
iii.
Organ Smuggling
iv.
Arms Conflict
The attention
acquired on Human Trafficking has been highlighted mainly Globalization era,
where the borders of operation have been diluted due to Global Economic
Policy. The rise of population in the
destined occupancy of illegal migrants which have been hipped the population
and became overhead expenses due to security of the mainstream society should
be viewed in of the larger context than merely criminology of trafficking of
human.
To evaluate
human trafficking as organized crime, there is a need to understand, how
Migration responsible for Brain-drain is responsible for seizing the virtues of
the Land that has further destroyed the Economic management all over the
World. Strategic migration whether it is
for licit or illicit purpose always bring crisis in a long run.
1.2 Licit and Illicit Migration
Licit and
illicit migrations have a great impact in Organized crime. Human Trafficking facilitate the human
resource for the illicit economy, which is not endorsed under the National Laws
due to its negative impact on the national interest. Licit migration is always to fill the gap of
the virtues which has not been able to create in any respective land of
destination or due to the absence of opportunity to excel the virtues in the
land of origin.
Migrations
whether licit or illicit though fulfill the gap of absence of the skill in the
land of destination, but it also brings many complications. In licit migration, though the person move to
the land of destination for an occupation, but it also carries its culture
along with that may be different from the land of host.
Multi-cultural
crisis in US and especially in Europe since it is not a natural migration,
rather migration due to political compulsion, a land of asylum and/or brain
drain, which is a strategically approach.
Migrations of different ethnics of the world to the culturally
homogeneous nation create varied cultural crisis for the migrated
communities. Migration to US, which is
now the World’s land, is a captivated land by destroying the indigenous
communities. There are two forms of
migrations to US, escapism from the religio-political situation in Europe and
secondly the migration in the form of human trafficking for the sake of labour
from Africa .
The treatments to the African migrants were termed as Slavery since they
were supposed to do all the hazardous activities and for that they were caged
and ill-treated so that they do not escape and often killed when their purpose
was over. This is the first and formal
organized crime for forced labour. The
abolition of slavery was nothing but the transformation of technology from the
human labour. The abolition of slavery
if in real terms could have understood if it would have given the community
free from slavery and equal rights and privileges to upgrade themselves to come
to the mainstream. In the absence of the
same, these populations remained a neglected community and became a regime of
mafias. Though the community of mafia
was in cluster form, but after WWII the mafia became the part of illicit
economy or parallel economy to the mainstream society which filled the space of
the licit economy and operated by proper network and strategies.
Another factor
when the migrated community become the resident of the land of destination it
not only blocks one generation employment, but also it creates a space for the
next generations surviving mechanism.
The overheads of the resident member become excess on the State in tune
of security, health, education, employment and other consumption of resources,
which is not accounted while employing them for the minimum benefits of lower
wages and maximum profit in the surplus value.
Random migration
though fulfills the immediate need of skill requirement, but it compels to
ignore the virtue development process since it is assumed that the skills can
be imported. This creates a continuous
dependency on the migrated communities.
Though the migrated communities not only seize the employment
opportunity of the locals in the wake of globalization, but it also blocks the
skill development process since the human resources requirement is fulfilled
through migration.
The sociology of
the land of destination also gets affected through licit as well as illicit
migration. It does not always confirm
that the licit migration may contribute to the economy of the host land in the
longer run in the coming generation.
Generally, the second and third generation onwards there is a high
deterioration in skill development.
These even effect the local survival.
The growing poverty line in the first world is a sign of disorganized
and unregulated migration either through licit, alien smuggling or human
trafficking.
Alien smuggling
and human trafficking become a defacto
regime and its governance system is quite different. Though it does not influence to the Political
system, but it has major contribution in Political influence. The collection of money from the illicit
migration in tune of the culture and/or charity is a defacto tax system and has major role in money laundering and
influence the politics not just to the host land, but also to the land of
origin.
The most
significant crisis of the migration is the rise of sex trade. The excess migration leads to an unsettled
society, which is being looked after by the Prostitute towards sexual
facilitation. Prostitutes are the best
creator of the market of Drugs and Narcotics.
The consumption of Narcotics and Drugs influence the Crime graph and hence
creates the internal security threat.
Moreover, it requires systematic study to understand the syndicate of
the crime from the migrated communities.
Illicit
migration is a form of modern slavery where women, children and men are abused
separately through the nexus of organized crime and have been denied human
security and life of dignity.
Human
Trafficking is a mechanism to generate human resources to facilitate varied
occupation whether for hazardous industries, sexual slavery, crime, drug and
arms smuggling and finally terrorism.
The majority of the population is trafficked are Women and Children and
in comparison to a less population of men.
1.3 Forced Labour – a new form of slavery
ILO defines forced labour as “a work or service
exacted from a person under threat or penalty, which includes penal sanctions
and the loss of rights and privileges, where the person has not offered him /
herself voluntarily”[15]
There are few
aspects in this definition that would make the analysis broader. This includes
–
- Works and Services
- Threat or Penalty, Penal Sanctions
- Loss of Rights and Privileges
- Involuntarily submission.
Work and
Services are the two sectors of the Economy, whether it is in legitimate
economy or illegitimate. Works that
relate to production of goods, where as Services are a support system. Forced labour is an organized sector of
illegitimate economy. The space vacated
by the legitimate economies which further create a parallel economy towards
resource generation through the neglected communities to which State remain
irresponsible. Though the filling the
space is facilitated by the forced labour, which is accomplished through Global
Policies based on Theory of Core-periphery and semi-periphery.
Forced labours
are accommodated in all sphere of economy whether it is men, women or
children. With the destruction of the indigenous
economy of the rural and tribal regions, the life of the individual or family
rested on debts by which they had to compromise on the condition by submission
of the member/s towards bonded labour. This can be attained by threat of
penalty, which is further compromised with submission of Humanity as bonded
slaves.
Forced labour is
very essential towards global political economy. Though the fabrics of technocrats and
professionals have been created towards Industrial need and to facilitate the
technological advancement, but there are huge populations which could not
assimilate in the modern economy and gradually became unskilled population.
Unskilled
population remains alienated from the mainstream economy and hence became
surplus human resources and becomes liability to the Nation. Victim of structural violence became an easy
pray to the nexus of human trafficking of men, women and children towards
hazardous work or sexual slavery.
The transition
to a foreign land through illegal means led them to a life without rights and
privileged. Since they are trafficked
population becomes illegitimate migration and the State of origin takes no
responsibility towards them or NGOs for voicing their human rights of those
neglected population.
Involuntarily submission
can be defined as Human Trafficking, but the compulsion towards getting trapped
also needed to be evaluated. The
destruction of the social fabric, indigenous economy and the absence of state
accountability make a major population live in the condition of Orphan.
Though there are
much legislation designed in the destination region to protect the rights of
population, but the neglected communities which are trafficked do not have any
knowledge to seek help. Moreover, traffickers play all the tactics that block
them to see the world around them. This is the reason there is absolutely a
failure in implementing the Laws and curtail trafficking.
Human
trafficking towards Forced Labour cannot be curtailed through Legislation or
activism by the non-government organizations.
It needs an intricate evaluation on the Global Political Economy, which
is based on Comparative trade and Core-periphery theory. Global change from the menace of
deterioration of human condition can only be brought through indigenous economy
and trade based on surplus and need to check the slavery in the modern era.
1.4 Forced Prostitution in the wake of Women’s
Liberation
Forced prostitution, also known as involuntary prostitution,
is the act of performing sexual activity in exchange for money on a
non-voluntary basis. There are wider
range of entry routes into prostitution, ranging from "voluntary and
deliberate" entry, "semi-voluntary" based on pressure of
circumstances, and "involuntary" recruitment via outright force or coercion.[16]
Prostitution is
the most heinous crime against women and children who are destitute and
vulnerable due to the failed social fabric and the victims of the atrocities of
the State-system. But what makes
Prostitution flourish when it is de-recognized and treated as immoral act by
any civilized society?
Prostitution
fulfills the nomadic tendencies in the society that explore for the sexual
fantasies. Sexual fantasies occur due to
lack of moral and social values where there is an absence of accountability to
each other. Another factor for sexual
fantasies is due to lushness of life.
The third significant factor of sexual fantasies is the absence of
family system.
Prostitution is
the ultimate crime that starts from toxic which creates compulsion of
consumption. Toxic creates illicit
wealth and wealth purchases sexual fantasies, which is the ultimate
satisfaction. So, wherever there is
illicit activities their will always be a forced prostitution. Prostitution is an axis where all crimes
rotate.
The two aspects
of human trafficking towards sexual slavery can be viewed as the land of origin
and the land of destination. The social,
economic and the political factors which are interrelated are responsible for the
trafficking of women and children for sexual slavery.
The most
significant factor human trafficking is Poverty and destitution of the majority
of the population from the rural and tribal community whose indigenous economy
has been destroyed since colonial era.
Though the World War II created an environment of withdrawing Colonies,
but the approach of exploitation of resources whether natural or human did not
change. The Leased Governance System
replaced the Imperialism by which the local agents of the British Colonies were
executing the Colonial economic agenda.
The formation of European Union unified foreign and economic policies of
European nations. This did not include
British Crown as a citizen of European Union and not abided by the EU
Constitution. This further facilitated
British Imperialism, i.e. a systematic approach towards exploiting and
manipulating the economy by way of land of origin, transit and the destination
through it’s private economy. British
Government only executed the IR Strategies of British Crown. The trafficked human population is the
unrecognized population of Crown’s economy which they are organizing through
Unique Identification Number based on biometrics identity.
The brain-drain
left the land of origin a hub of resources with unskilled or semi-skill population
which could not upgrade itself in the wake of technological era. The huge liability on the State towards its
nurturing the unproductive population to the mainstream economy based on
technologies led them to create an open market for mafias and traffickers to
exploit the human resources for the illicit trade and economy. Further these mafias traffic them to the
urban dense destination where prostitution has a bigger market.
Another aspect
is destroying the earner of the family through toxic. Alcohol destroys family stability and its
resources. It compels women to submit
them to immoral activities for the survival of their families and children and
hence become the compulsion to join these activities, voluntary and deliberate, semi-voluntary and
involuntary. Hence, toxic that generates
huge illicit economy also responsible for creating human resources for forced
prostitution by women and children.
Forced Prostitution also facilitates the Drugs
trafficking since they create a fabric of drugs consumer. Human trafficking towards forced prostitution
can be evaluated within the spectrum of Toxic, that ruin the skill and thinking
abilities of population, Wealth earned through illicit means and Prostitution
that serves the nomadic tendencies, which is generated due to failure of social
and political system.
1.5 The peripheries of illicit
economy
The peripheral
economies also take the advantage of the Human Trafficking through its Mafia,
which is a closed knitted group. The
illicit economy is a parallel economy that is meant for that section of the
society that is considered a liability to the society due to non-skilled
population.
Organised begging that involves the abduction of
children - known as the begging mafia - is common in India ,
with the states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Bihar, New Delhi
The throw away children who are a neglected by
their parents and disowned by State due to absence of empathy to its population
become the victim of mafia. These mafias prepare these neglected children by
destroying physical abilities to create compassion from the society for earning
money or charity. The mafias provide the
minimal life to these forced beggars who are not only deprived of a life of
dignity, but also have to compromise with their physical abilities which they
are born with.
The abduction of children is an organised crime,
which is done either due to bad parenting or the agents of the mafia who lure
children with better life. There are
networks that steel children from hospital, schools, etc. Another major aspect of the shelter for child
abducted is shelter home. Recent
incident of Apna Ghar shelter-home (NGO) where girls were sexual abused and
traded under the protection of Congress government in Haryana protection.[18]
The mushrooming
of NGOs of almost 3.3 millions in India [19]
whose accountability has been in question is also a big nexus towards harboring
the destitute of the population especially women and children and then they are
used for sexual slavery or forced labour.
The sexually
exploited children grew up into criminals who are involved in all sorts of
crimes, whether it is shoplifting, robbery, vehicle theft, petty crimes. Gradually those who are versatile may land
into contract-killer.
The formations
of gangs towards the illicit trade of drugs, weapons, etc. are also developed
from the population of these neglected and captivated communities through Human
Trafficking. Abduction of children that are
used for hazardous industries become a training center and motivation towards
criminal activities. The network is to
provide human resources to the smuggling of all illicit and licit trades. Sexual abuse makes these accustomed to
exploitation and threat of life which do not allow them to look toward a better
world.
The abduction of
children is mainly done by the touts with the help of locals who provide the targeted
victims based on the family support and its aptitude. A systematic approach is done while
abduction.
Prostitution
whether it is children or women always breeds human resources of all
crime. An inbuilt conflict for being
exploited and hatred towards the society makes them easily get trapped of the
tendencies to continue the legacy of subjugation and exploitation. That is the reason, women turn pimps/agents
to hook fresh women for the sexual slavery[20]. Those who had bad childhood pick the children
to bring them in their own fabric. In
fact, it is the sense of being abused and exploited compels them to continue
the same trade.
1.6 Organ Removal – denial of ownership of the
Body
Unethical practices are, in part,
an undesirable consequence of the global shortage of organs for
transplantation.[21]
Organ
trafficking consists of the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or
detaining of people for the purpose of organ removal and exploitation. Organ
trafficking usually involves a process of using illicit means such as threat,
use of force, or other forms of coercion such as abduction, fraud or deception.
Exploitation includes undue influence or the abuse of power to encourage or
induce vulnerable people to allow the removal of their organs for
transplantation.[22]
Last week, the
police raided the illegal clinic after being tipped-off by a victim. Four
people were arrested but the main person alleged to be behind the racket, a
doctor, is missing.[23]
Three aspects
are indicated above, i.e.
i.
The global shortage of supply in comparative of demand.
(Market)
ii.
Process of illicit means of trapping and force and also
abuse of Power (Procurement)
iii.
Racket operated by doctors (Execution)
Research by the World Health Organisation (WHO)
has found that only one in ten people in need of a new kidney, the body part
most in demand, manages to get one. In the poorest places, of course, a complex
transplant—which in the American health system costs $500,000—is unthinkable
for most people anyway. But the gap between supply and demand for organs
affects the poor too, by creating a market in body parts where abuses are rife.[24]
These abuses cannot just limit to the donor, but
also to the recipients as well. The
modern medical science based on surgery and transplants do not work on
transparency. The patient whether
recipient or donor depend on the morality of the Medical practitioners and the
Institutional governance system. Organ
removals need to be viewed as a market and economy at the cost of Health care.
Though the migrated communities of unskilled
population are at the targeted procurement population to fill the gap since
they are the orphan population and treated as unproductive to the National
Economy. Besides the donation aspect
there is also a need to evaluate the victimizing aspect to the patients and
generating the need of transplant, which is not yet addressed in any study.
Innovation of technologies and scientific
mechanism is an achievement, but these achievement need market. The trading is ethical when it is based on
need and surplus. But when technologies
are marketed the needs are created and availability is manipulated.
Human Life is a gift of Nature and one possess all
the rights and liberty to sustain its life.
But when the Human Life is separated from Human Body, the body becomes a
Commodity. The approach of commodity
towards human body irrespective of gender and age leads to commercializing whether
through sexual slavery or through organ smuggling or renting the womb through
surrogate.
The abuse of human body is also done when there is
absence of thinking abilities or strength to confront the abuses. These weaknesses in the human population are
nurtured through poverty in the absence of Structural development. The mafia nurtured through state protected
institutions further exploited the destitution of unskilled orphan population
in the sovereign land.
Organ donation is an act of humanity as it saves
life. But what should be mechanism of
the rendering this human consideration when the Economy rules Morality. In the wake of Globalization and the
shrinking state system, the private players are controlling the life of those
who are treated as a liability for the State.
“In practice, Iran Iran
When the demand
and supply is fulfilled within boundary of the Nations, then the organ
transplantation becomes transparent since the donor and the recipient becomes
Nation’s responsibility. The moderating
the transplantation occupation should be under well scrutiny by the Authorities
since it comes under the fundamental rights of possession of human body. In that case, even the victims of the
Trafficking get protected and come under vigilance.
1.7 Human Trafficking and its Politics of
Conflicts and Peace
Wherever and whenever there is conflicts, it is
always women and children are abused.
Women and Children make regime whether it is local or trafficked, the
victimization of Women for sexual slavery and children for forced labour either
as a support system or as regime in building towards the army for conflicts.
The following notes are the indicators of the
approach of women and children towards the participation during Conflicts and
when there is Peace through International intervention.
The information was supported by a 2010 National
Commission for Protection of Child Rights report, which indicated that children
were being recruited by the Naxals through intimidation and abduction. It said
they were used in support roles such as lookouts, messengers, porters and
cooks.[26]
The guiding aims of a violent organization (not
necessarily its professed ones) in many ways define the behavior of the group,
including its reasons for recruiting children and its ways of treating them.
Since every organization operates under some form of financial constraint, such
organizations should only substitute children for adults if they are
cost-effective.[27]
Members of a military
group are kept attached to the organization through three forms of incentives:
force; non-pecuniary benefits (which are often linked to ideology, religion or
ethnicity); and economic incentives.[28]
The correlation between peacekeepers and human
trafficking brings a number of adverse consequences to the fore. The
credibility and legitimacy of a peacekeeping mission will suffer when the
public becomes aware that peacekeepers are involved in the trafficking of
women.[29]
A 2008 study of child sexual abuse allegedly
committed by “peacekeepers” found that offenders ran “the breadth of local and
international NGOs, UN agencies, and other actors” involved in international
humanitarian operations, including members of religious groups participating in
the mission.[30]
Women and children are the support system, whether
there is Peace or Conflict. Women are
trafficked to satisfy the sexual urge of the militants and besides this, they
are also a support system in the operation, whether it is a non-militancy
purpose, i.e. cooking and other housekeeping cores of the Militants or
militancy support towards the liaison during the conflicts.
The involvements of children are for the
multipurpose. They initially used for
lookout, messenger, potters, cook and all sorts of help, but gradually they
take their respective placement according to the aptitude. These children are further grown as
militants. Since these children grew
with the organization so their loyalty and accustomed with the militancy
culture of the organization is more than any adult joining the militancy
group. Another reason for recruiting
children for the conflict purpose is because of their minor status and they are
not treated as Criminal and get a free escape from the Court of Law.
The absorption of children in the militancy
occupation whether for pecuniary benefits or for non-pecuniary purposes remain
the same since the children grown along with the militancy culture are well
trained. Recruiting adults take time for
training and their reliability also become apprehensive of their background and
their abilities.
Though the militancy group could be towards creating
the indigenous security crisis in the name of Identity and Interest and/or a
group of militants meant to control the region through terrorism should be
looked into the spectrum of IR Strategy of the Colonial Legacy. The supply of Human Resources for the
Militancy occupation is a defacto arrangement
and it has to be compensated by the trafficking of children, women and men.
Insurgency from cross border towards loose foreign
relations in border securities may lead to trafficking. Trafficking of women and children are often
done during the Peace time by the Peacekeeping force. Placements of the foreign bodies as International
intervention require substantial support system. Fulfilling the sexual required are done by
trafficked women and children since these neglected communities have no
voice. But blaming exclusive to the
Peacekeeping force towards funding trafficking by utilising the services again
need to study in a broader way. Does
these trafficking are fulfilling the space that every military group needs? Peacekeeping Army without war remains
unoccupied and get distracted. What
disciplinary measures are taken by that Peacekeeping Force or what facilitation
are provided to compensate those gaps so that there is no trust deficit in the
course of Peacekeeping?
Human Trafficking for the militancy purpose whether
War or for Peace has the facilitation of insurgency. This need evaluation how the land of origin
is compensating the need for the militancy that is bring threat to the other
land. For example, Pakistan is a training center of
the defacto Army that is creating
threat to the Region and creating the crisis.
But the question here is how Pakistan as a sovereign State is
able to check the militancy training center and what accountability it has to
the Comity of Nations? Is Pakistan
a victim of undercover strategy of the Colonial Power to control the region,
this need evaluation.
1.8 Human Trafficking in Global Pattern
Human
Trafficking is a mechanism to generate human resources to facilitate varied
occupation whether for forced labour, sexual slavery, crime, drug and arms
smuggling and finally terrorism. In the
past section where it is explored how the varied of occupation attract
trafficking where the majority of the population trafficked are women and
children and in comparative to a very less population of men. The consumption of men in the organized crime
is mainly on local population.
It is also
important to know why the women are the biggest population of the Traffic
victims and what the purpose of Sexual Slavery is. Women who pick the customer for the sexual
facilitation, which is created through natural urge also facilitate in creating
the Drugs market. So, sexual slavery is
the biggest tool for Drugs Market.
Unskilled Human
Resources are manipulated and get adjusted to any occupation for the sake of
survival. Now the question is how the
unskilled population is generated and trafficked to the land of
destination. The mechanism is used for
scarcity, compulsion and movement. The
destruction of indigenous economy makes a larger population of tribal and rural
helpless and then they compromise with the opportunities they get into.
It is important
to understand how the International Relations undercover policies facilitate
the human trafficking where local political system facilitates the
International hidden agenda. The
colonial legacy to control the economy through various International Strategies
was institutionalized after WWII. The
framing of the United Nations bodies towards coordinating with the World
nations were sooner became the tool of the Western Strategist to manipulate the
ignorance of the Political system, which is fogged by the British Education
system based on the Conflict theory, i.e. divide and rule.
The divided
society is always weak and it creates a gap between legitimate survival and
scope for illegitimate survival.
Illegitimate survival is without accountability either to Humanity or
human values. The inefficiency and
inadequacies in the State system make this illegitimate regime stronger and
powerful.
The failure of
the States whether Tajikistan ,
Afghanistan , Pakistan , Somalia , etc. is due to captivation
by the illegitimate economy due to shrinking of licit economy. The lapse of legitimate economy is mainly due
to the Global Economic policies that restrict the indigenous skills and promote
economy based on technologies. The economy
based on Technologies needs a special skill of uniformity and hence created a
fabric to facilitate the aspiration of technological advancement compromising human
skills.
The tribal and
the rural population lost their economies due to falsification of the National
Policies to handle the major population, which is based on farming and
traditional knowledge. The failure of the Government to provide adequate
environment for their economy force them to migrate from the tribal and rural
zone to the urban and metro. The absence
of skill makes them the victim of forced labour and sexual slavery.
It is important
to find out though there is a big graph of GDP, why there is a huge gap between
prosperity and scarcity. Is this
scarcity is artificial created to facilitate the illicit economy since it needs
a huge human resource for the hazardous job which technologies fail to
execute. It is also important to
understand that while providing ample facilitation to weaker section through
preferential laws and reservation, there is an increate graph of poverty and
structural failure that leads them to be victimized of human trafficking.
It is also
important to understand even though there is a strong International Protocol by
UNODC and also the National Laws that has failed to curtail the Human
Trafficking and Organized Crime at all the level whether it is Terrorism,
financial frauds, corporate crime, illegal mining, black-marketing and sexual
slavery. Why it is felt that though
these Laws are sufficient strong, but it is not able to check and prosecute the
accused in quantum? Is the Law making
and approach of 3Ps, i.e. Prevention, Prosecution and Protection are sufficient
to curtail Organized crime?
Global Political
Economy is the main cause of Human Trafficking.
A systematic scholarship approach is used, which is a colonial legacy
that created a platform for the illicit economy through organized system, which
is known as Organized Crime. The theory of Comparative Trade, Core-periphery
and semi-periphery theory along with the batter-system are the approaches that
facilitate licit and illicit economy, which is further executed by legal and
illegal migration. The operation of the
illicit trade is done by Multi-layer marketing system (pyramid scheme) and its
governance by Auction and Allocation based on Leased system. The monetary benefits are earned through
auction money and/or royalty.
1.9 Unique Identification Number
Unique
Identification number induced by the Government of India a parallel citizenship
that includes the tribal and rural masses to facilitate the schemes like NEREGA
under the BPL to which there have been strong
criticism by the Cabinet Committee.
The
Committee strongly disapproved of the hasty manner in which the UID scheme was
approved and also raised fears that the inclusion of non-citizens can have
far-reaching consequences for national security.[31]
Unique
Identification, which is a biometric identification process, brings the
universal approach of the BPL community that will further facilitate in
organizing the trafficking for the sexual slavery, forced labour and human
resources for the other hazardous industries undercover the Government scheme
for poverty alleviation programme. The
role played by the private players in manipulating the population of the sovereign
Nations indicate how the Human Trafficking is being organized through UID under
the shield of Government policy.
This
organized population under the programme of UID will become a hand tool for the
traffickers since there will be no escape for them due to its identity access
through its biometric data. It is
another form of passport that will alienate the tribal or BPL population
separate from the State’s spectrum.
Gradually UID will become a global identification for the trafficking
population of the Organized crime and will remain under the grip of the unorganized/contractual
sectors (SEZ) under the shield of the Government in the hand of private
players.
What has perhaps created a bigger security
scare is the fact that Aadhaar has been issued to more people in several
blocks across the country than counted by Census.
For example, at Amberpet inHyderabad
For example, at Amberpet in
This is a clear indicator that the UID is
not merely an Identification number to monitor the tribal population, but to
erase the border restriction and the parallel citizenship for the trafficking
of people to monitor their movements by the crime designers from London
Several countries (including the USA , the UK ,
Australia , China , Canada
and Germany UK is good
enough for India
The rejection of the Data by the Government
automatically becomes the data for the British Crown population which remain
under its vigilance destroying the Individual Liberty. They become population for the prospective
trafficking for forced labour, sexual slavery and other relevant reason. This makes them as bonded-slaves.
Crime and
criminals, whether through instinct or through trafficking becomes shattered
and remain in clusters. No matter how
much they are organized through the schemes like Unique Identifications cannot
become an alternate to the Statehood and Citizenship. The bio-metric identify of the population is
a clear evasion of civic liberties and surrendering the biological
identification, which is normally done to check and keep the track of the
criminals’ movement.
Human
Trafficking is getting organized under the shield of Technologies, private
players and opaque policies of the Government schemes and at the cost of State
Treasure which needs evaluation and vigilance.
1.10 DRUGS
AND DEMOCRACY
One of the most notable critics of democracy was Ayn Rand. She is claimed
to have said:
Democratic in its original meaning [refers to]
unlimited majority rule… a social system in which one’s work, one’s property,
one’s mind, and one’s life are at the mercy of any gang that may muster the
vote of a majority at any moment for any purpose.
The
most fundamental difference between democracy and ochlocracy is that democracy
is achieved by consent whilst ochlocracy is achieved by usurpation. Ochlocarcy (ochlos mob + kratia
cracy) is the rule of the poorest and the least enlightened
part of the nation, which is ordinarily the most numerous. It
is government by mob rule, by intimidation, and fuelled by ignorant voters and
unprincipled demagogues. It is achieved by appealing to the passions,
instead of reason, of the masses deliberately kept illiterate and innumerate.
It is in the ochlocracy that individual rights, rule of law and constitution
are often sacrificed at the altar of populism. Perhaps it is ochlocracy that
Ayn Rand meant when she criticised democracy.[35]
Democracy
is more criticized as Ochlocracy since it has mob culture that can easily be
manipulated without understanding the consequences of the Issues. The protests which facilitate violence
including burning and destroying public property and gradually the counter
effect by the Police since it goes against the essence and taste of Democracy
since it reaches to the level of Conflicts which are more towards chaos
creation and hindrance towards smooth function.
Pressure Groups are different from the Mob protests since the pressure
groups or interest groups are from the guilds and not the mass population.
The relevance of
Drugs in creating the mob culture since the drugs destroy the reasoning
abilities and when the reasoning skill is destroyed then the population becomes
mere slaves. There are three aspects to
evaluate that the way drugs facilitate the fabric of mob which ruins their
aspirations towards appropriate governance.
- The purchases of Votes
- the fabric of population which are the protesters of every issues
- the economy of Political feudalism
The
criminalization of Politics is the main concern of the present democratic
system. The failure of State-system and
Corruption is the basic tool of the Toxic Democracy. The purchases of the votes through muscle and
money have become the character of electoral politics. The toxic mechanism used for the vote bank
politics where reasoning looses its credibility in the hand of those who further manipulate the State
resources and create a fabrics of have and haves not.
What makes
Democratic system corrupt? It has because that the voters do not use their
reasoning skill while electing their representatives. The absence of reasoning is always created
through Drugs and alcohol. The addiction
of Drugs compels them to be a cluster of Mob. The protest, which is the essence
of Democracy is generally been organized through the cluster of Mob. That is
the reason most of the protest turns violent and destroying the public property
and losses of life. The strong reaction
by Police violence against the Mob is a clear indicator that the mob lost their
physical sensibility and sanity against the violence reaction. This is an indicator that the clusters of Mob
which are toxic in nature are essential for democracy.
The third factor
is the economy of drugs and its operative mechanism. The party workers that have the political
affiliation functions as cartel system and hence generates money for the
Political funding. Since this is one of
the major sources of resource generation, so it has the great impact on the
State-system that protects them from the Laws of the Land.
The toxic
population or the mob cluster are nothing but unskilled human resources which
are further used for Forced Labour, Forced Prostitution, Organ Smuggling,
Conflicts indigenous and insurgency for terrorism.
Drugs influence
in democracy since it toxic population which further generates economy towards political
affiliations and control of Power through electoral process. This further adds to Corruption and stealing
of State Treasure and captivating the National Resources through manipulation
and deceptive policies. Terrorism,
Contract Killing, Abduction and Civil war are only a tool to hold democracy
through the Toxic population. The
activities Drugs production, distribution and consumption are within the
parameter of the State-system and not in alienation. The Colonial Legacy and the Globalization have
expanded this parameter into Transnational Crime or Organized Crime. Drugs should be viewed within the parameter
of discipline of Political Economy and not limited to Criminology.
1.11 CONCLUSION
The trafficked people are the Human Resources for the
illicit economy whether it is Drugs
or black marketing, crime or counterfeit products, etc. Illicit economy always
needs migrated population since it has less accountability. Illegal migration is neither a liability to
the host nation or the nation of origins and the victims become the hand tool
of the traffickers and the mafias.
Trafficked populations are the mass without
accountability and responsibility. As we
have found on the discussion the relevance of victims under trafficking that
they are alien from all the privileges and rights of citizen and human since
they are trapped into the illicit economy.
STRATEGIES
The strategies of Economy of Drugs
Chapter II
The Strategies of
Economy of Drugs
If the Western
Trade is the forerunner of Capitalism, then the Capitalism has a legacy of
crime, which is also known as modern economy, generated from the Surplus though
Drugs smuggling. Opium War is an
evidence that how the trade relations with China were manipulated by the
British traders under the protection of British Crown and manipulated trade
relations through Wars, Corruption and Piracy under the Canton system.
International
Relations in lieu of Capitalism and war of Ideologies in tune with Cold war to
be evaluated within the frame work on the strategies of Economy of Drugs. The globalization and erosion of state
sovereignty have paved a clear-cut route to smuggling and trafficking, which is
controlled by Terrorism.
The history of
the Modern Economy may be traced through the Canton System, the economic
culture of China ,
which is now conceived as a Global Economic Policy of Special Economic Zone or
Free Trade Zone.
The process of Industrialization
and its development goes to the Capital accumulated by the Traders through
manipulation and Crime. The crews of merchant vessels plying the seas in the
16th and 17th centuries were at best a rough and tumble lot, and at worst were
well armed pirates plundering and enslaving when they could.[36]
The Canton system of China
was so organized that it treated trading across China
was not so preferred economy since China ’s economy was based on
indigenous consumption and availability of the resources.
The system
itself was restrictive by design, keeping foreigners confined to a small
commercial district in Canton
known as the Factories and prohibiting direct contact between foreigners and
the Chinese. Although a series of trade practices and regulations might
otherwise be of little or no consequence to history, as the setting in which
the Opium War erupted, the Canton System is a topic of frequent study and even
debate.[37]
Although the language was lofty,
it does it fact appear to be true that China had little use for what England
was selling – tin, lead, copper, wool, and cotton. Europe on the other hand had
a tremendous appetite for China ’s
exports of silk, porcelain, and especially tea. By the year 1800 the English
East India Company was shipping more than 23 million pounds of tea annually.
Since the Chinese were not interested in English goods, a terrible trade
imbalance existed. The Company was able to mitigate this imbalance somewhat by
establishing a trade circuit which facilitated trade between India and China ,
but the net effect of the deficit was nonetheless a flow of silver bullion out
of England and into China .[38]
The final years of the Canton system saw a
dramatic reversal in this trade deficit when the English finally discovered [39]a
product they could trade at a profit - opium. In the early decades of the 19th
century, opium use in China
exploded and foreign merchants of many nations were more than willing to engage
in the illicit trade. As the Chinese government grew increasingly alarmed by
the opium epidemic, and took increasingly strong measures to reestablish
control, the trade in Canton
degenerated into a criminal world of foreign smugglers and corrupt Chinese
officials.[40]
These were the first step of
criminalizing the trading system which was historically the basis of
Ethics. It was a general understanding
amongst the traders, which is still valid amongst the local traders based on
ethical transaction. The invasion on
Chinese economy by various western powers was against the trade ethics in the
name of Free Trade. This was the first
step of Transnational Crime organized by the Independent Nations.
2.1 Comparative Trade
The legacy of
Comparative trade originated from the British imperialism which was implemented
on the rest of the Colonies and became the major tool for International
Relation. From farming to procurement of
natural and human resources and the market were used under the doctrine of
Comparative Advantage.
Though the
theory of Comparative advantage[41]
was meant for the mutual benefit of the two countries to fulfill the best
available recourse and the need of the respective land, but it did not suit the
world which was under the grip of European colonies who were in search of raw
material and market to satisfy the Industrial produces that meant for mass
production.
The approach of
the theory of Advantage in the Comparative Trade should be evaluated with the
views of colonial history that witnessed the atrocities of the British
imperialism to implement the Comparative Trade to the advantage of the
Imperialistic interest. The Colonies that were ruled through deception,
treachery and guns has to be in a compromised state than the state of
Advantage. The comparative Advantage benefited the imperialistic powers at the
cost of ruining the local economy.
Destroying the local economy created enormous impoverished population
which were further used towards forced labour and migrated by ship to the
location towards hazardous industries like mining or bonded farming labours.
Comparative
Advantage not only changes the Trade philosophy which was based on supply of
surplus and demand on need, but also within Trade ethics. The trading system based on demand and supply
sustained the indigenous economy with the available resources. Traders were the explorer of the technologies
that could benefits the home production and skill orientations. But in
Comparative Advantage the imperialistic power look out for the raw material and
market for their inventions and development of new technologies and to fulfill
their need they have manipulated the World resources through deception and gun
and gradually destroyed the indigenous economy.
The Opium Trade
was one of those trades on Comparative Advantage and two opium wars were lodged
to maintain the Opium Trade. Mercantilist governments in Europe
objected to the perpetual drain of silver to pay for Asian commodities, and so
European traders often sought to generate profits from intra-regional Asian
trade to pay for their purchases to be sent back home.[42]
This was another aspect of Comparative Trade was through battered system
which was induced in International trading to save the bullions of the
mercantile government.
With expansion of British power in the Nawabate of
Bengal, indigo planting became more and more commercially profitable due to the
demand for Blue Dye in Europe . It was introduced
in large parts of Burdwan, Bankura, Birbhum, Murshidabad, etc. The indigo planters
left no stones unturned to make money. They mercilessly pursued the peasants to
plant indigo instead of food crops.[43] Indigo plantation is the best example of the
Comparative Advantage for the benefit of the Imperial traders at the cost of
Indigenous Economy. The consequences of
Indigo farming made the fertile agriculture farms into barren state.
After the disintegration of USSR
SAP did not help the third world nation which was
already a victim of colonisation and abused of exploitation and
subjugation. The breathing space taken
by the Imperialists Powers after the WWII that was extended until the disintegration
of USSR
Special Economic Zone (SEZ)[45]
is another aspect that leads to migration and effect local economy, which
further leads to creation of racketeers for prostitution, drugs and pubs along
with street crimes. In fact wherever
there is migration for the economic prosperity, the illicit economies always
get the space through prostitution, drugs and crime.
A free
trade zone (FTZ) or export processing
zone (EPZ), also called foreign-trade
zone, formerly free port
is an area within which goods may be landed, handled, manufactured or
reconfigured, and re-exported without the intervention of the customs
authorities. Only when the goods are moved to consumers within the country in
which the zone is located do they become subject to the prevailing customs
duties. Free-trade zones are organized around major seaports, international
airports, and national frontiers—areas with many geographic advantages for
trade.[46]
The deception of
acquiring the National Resources without National accountability is another
form of Neo-colonization which has destroyed the National Economy. Capturing
the most crucial locations, i.e. sea-port and airport as Export Processing Zone
that are actually the breeder of Organized crime which has the immunity from
the National Laws.
In a case study
of Gujarat offering the Advantage package to the investors in the Kandla
Special Economic Zone[47]
that provide the leased Industrial plots and Industrial shed at a very nominal
rent in comparative to the Industrial belt for the small scale industries in
the rest of India . Another factor, i.e. provision of
uninterrupted power supply and a dedicated water line is offered to the
prospective global investors which are acutely deprived to the national
industries. The most significant
offering to the global industries is ‘abundant supply of semi-skilled and
unskilled labour which guarantees peaceful and harmonious labour
relations’. It is important to
understand that all those are the victims of abduction and trafficking are
unskilled labour who are compelled to be peaceful due to atrocities and lack of
Human Rights in the absence of National Accountability. Free Trade Zone or Special Economic Zones
erode all taxes and duties that are imposed on the national industries along
with a high class infrastructure and support-system, which is absent in the
local economy orientation.
This SEZ becomes
a foreign land and get the immunity from the National Laws and
Accountability. Since there is no
accountability so it provides protection to all the illicit activities that
make human victims. As describe by Pyle
that there has been considerable growth in women’s participation in the
sub-contracting networks.[48] The opaqueness in acquiring data on the
condition of workforce, it is significant that there is something that needs
adequate attention in exploring the human condition being exploited in the
fortified system.
SEZ is a
fortified system that has the immunity from Laws of the Nation. The SEZs create a zone for themselves, which
is portable in Trans-commuting without accountability. This is the invasion of the Sovereignty of
Land of the private economy that is enjoying all the infrastructural benefits without
adding to the economy or State Treasure. The economy of the State Treasure is
earned through taxes and duties on the business establishment.
The appeasement
for the FDI in the SEZs by exempting all
the taxes which are levied in the national business houses goes against the
interest of the State Treasure. The
ratio of development is 80:20, whereas 80% is done by FDI and 20% of investment
by the State Government based on Lease system (Renewable). The earning of the State Treasures lapses
from the various taxes incurred in the business processing. But the facilitation of electricity, water
and human resources and other administrative facilities do not provide any
economic generation to the State economy.
Another aspect
of SEZs is Land Acquisition. Generally,
a bigger land is needed for the SEZ requirement which has the appropriate
facilities of Electricity supply and Water availability. For example, SEZs in Gurgaon has created an
ample glamour of capitalism by whatever the equation of investment as FDI and
local government. The high price given
for the land acquisition meant for the farming to the farmers created a complex
crisis on sociology, local economy and law and order.
SEZs created a
fortified land acquisition immune from the State Laws and avail 100% tax
exemption to the loss of state treasure.
The migration creates huge complexities, i.e. rise of real-estate
value. Concentration of a multi-cultural
population alienated from the local cultural population. A big leap of culture is created between a
global community and a very rural community.
SEZs creates a
huge real-estate prospects and the mafia involved in the real estate creates a
huge population elevation schemes to facilitate the manpower requirement for
the SEZs. The erecting building without
amenities create further civic crisis.
In Gurgaon, though there have been a huge Urban Development by way of
Malls, Pubs and other recreation, but the civic amenities like water,
electricity, transport and security is absent for the migrated communities in
the adjacent localities. The crime rate in this locality rise due to shrinking
of Law and Order along with immunity enjoyed by SEZ and high insurgency from
other states.[49]
Underdevelopment of the adjacent locality further fuels to the crime and
insecurity to women especially. This is
a clear indication of the absent of the State mechanism in the SEZ location for
the migrated population.
The
sub-contracting agencies of FTZs which also enjoy the immunity from the
National Law plays a major role in FTZs economy by hiring the locals for the
unskilled labors, which is more risk oriented.
The absorption of the labour especially gender oriented though it
provides employment on lower wages to individuals, but it also provide health
crisis. The disorganized work forces
have no insurance either from the local contractors or from the State system
that can provide them social security.[50] The most developed SEZ in India is Gujarat
and its implication of SEZ development led to the missing children in tune of
10,790 in four years out of which 3,100 are yet to be traced. Children in Gujarat have been found missing from schools, outside
their homes, on the road, in religious processions and so on. Some of the
children found have narrated the stories of being forced to beg, work as
domestic help, sodomy, forced into prostitution rings, etc. Parents of these
children have been protesting against the lazy administration of Gujarat , without being heard.[51]
In the nutshell,
there is an absolute gain for the SEZ due to subsidized resources, i.e. land,
infrastructure, manpower, water and electricity at the cost of the total lapse
in the State treasure and security to the local and migrated population. There is also a high-rise of the Real Estate
business, which is again a mafia that generates black money.
The most
interesting aspect of SEZs / FTZs is that they create a network captivating the
most crucial land and ports and transit area and enjoy the complete immunity
from the respective National Laws and a complete facilitation of
infrastructure, land, power, water and human resources along with exemptions
from all the taxes levied on the national business community.
The important
factor of FTZs is sea ports. Sea ports
are the joining land to all the naval routes that make their transportation
easy and connect to the land area. If a
thorough study is done, the political crisis of Somalia ,
Sudan , Syria , Libya , etc are all coastal
land. It is extremely important to
understand that civil wars are created towards compulsion to facilitate the
FTZs and capture of the Coastal land. A
coastal land which has tribal affiliation provides not only the trade route,
but also the manpower for facilitation along with a market.
Human
Trafficking and FTZs have a mutual beneficiary.
Though the labour whether men, women or children can be easily ported to
the other territory since it enjoys the immunity from the National
Accountability with the fortified system.
These fortified systems allow all sorts of transaction, whether licit or
illicit according to the National or International protocols. Since the FTZs has the immunity from the
National Laws and opaqueness in the system, so the International Laws or Human
Rights Watch does not have any visibility on the destitution of the population
those are ruled by them who do not follow any norms.
Human
Trafficking is extremely convenient on the location of FTZs.[52] This also facilitate the crimes from
anti-social activities[53]
to the car-theft and other street crimes.
The illegal migration is also cartel through the SEZs which become very
tedious for the Police to keep tracking the insurgency. The labour group ages
from children to below 30s are exploited as forced labour, sexual slavery and
maids and rotate in their network. Once they
destroy their health then they are thrown back to their homeland, which becomes
the responsibility of the State who did not earn anything from the FTZs to
facilitate the health care of those deserted labour.
The FTZs do not
face any accountability to the Population and to the Humanity. The Bhopal Gas Tragedy[54]
is the best example that how the Comparative Advantage theory has destroyed the
large population and to its generation awaiting justice for past 25 years,
which is as destructive as Hiroshima and Nagasaki disaster without
accountability to the Nation and Humanity.
Interestingly, the benefit of the Global arrangement through SEZs are
enjoyed by the Corporate along with the benefit of tax exemption, but the
health hazardous caused by these MNCs are surviving as the State expenses. So, for any Nation SEZs is not just stealing
the National Economy, but also creation liabilities by victimizing the
populations through health hazards.
It is important
to understand, what is that compulsion that is making the Nations compromise
the human survival in the hands of few Corporate. Why the State is compelled to overlook its
responsibility to its population? Is it
Corruption or Compulsion? If it is
Corruption, then how there is a systematic corruption in the heterogeneous
nature of the World and if there are compulsions, then what is making the
responsible people in the decisive placement to overlook these issues and to
find remedies beside a huge compilation of National and International Protocols
and Legislations? This will be explored
in the forthcoming discussions.
2.2 The Role of Semi-Periphery in
Organized Crime
The relevance of core, semi-periphery and
periphery relations is important to understand within the framework of
International Relations. Though the
Theory of dependency provide ample examples of the prosperity in this
dependence theory, but underneath always have the hidden facts, i.e. decline of
Human Development. It is also important
to understand the parameter of prosperity of any Nation. Is the infrastructure development should be
the criteria to measure growth? What is
the secrecy of the Real Estate development in the era of Globalization and its
connection with licit and illicit migration?
Why the US and Europe are the destination
of drugs and mafia and its relation with the Corporatism?
World-system refers to the international division
of labor, which divides the world into core countries, semi-periphery countries
and the periphery countries. Core countries focus on higher skill, capital-intensive
production, and the rest of the world focuses on low-skill, labor-intensive
production and extraction of raw materials.[55] This itself is an indicative that the theory
of core and periphery are nothing but the creation of the fabric of haves and
haves not. The benefits of the
core-periphery relations are indicative that the core is highly developed and
periphery is only a labour intensive nation.
What makes Periphery a labour intensive when they are rich with
resources and traditional knowledge and what stops them to have the indigenous
system that can make the human development visible? This need to be evaluated with the Varna India
Sudhra, i.e. base in the Indian civilisation had a
more important role in sustaining the society, i.e. they remained
support-system of the society, whether it is agriculture, household activates
or the menial jobs such as sanitation, etc.
Since these unskilled jobs were important support to the society so it
was important to maintain the fabric intact so that they continue to facilitate
the support system in the society. The
theory of Oppression was adopted since the relevance of the role of Shudra.
Instead of facilitating and provide dignity of labour, the theory of
Oppression was implemented and religious priests (Scholars) played a crucial
role in this. The conditions of the Shudras actually deteriorated by
creation of the Zamindari system
based on Leased and contract system induced by the Colonial masters.
In the Post Colonial era, the Constitution of the
Independent India abolished the theory of discrimination and gave them the
opportunity of equality. This was
extended further through a preferential law on Reservation to education and
employment to the historically oppressive society according to the
understanding of the framers of Indian Constitution. But the Equality and Reservation could not
upgrade the society who was oppressed historically besides it gave them the
identity and voice in the democratic system.
This only created a group of elites who became the voice of these
communities and remained in the identity politics and vote mobilization in the
electoral process.
Industrialization and Modernization have made
these oppressed community neglected.
Since the Constitution provided them Reservation, so there was
absolutely negligence in bringing this community into the mainstream
society. The failure of rural
development and the migration to the urban lands as industrial workers was an
indicator that these populations have lost their relevance in rural
societies. So, where these population
goes? These populations become the
victims of the Human Trafficking to facilitate the Industrial need of the
highly capitalized nations, i.e. Core nations.
The Social Justice given by the Constitution of India to the oppressed
community is now being exploited by the core Nations through Human Trafficking
for forced labour, sexual slavery and periphery of the illicit economy such as
organ trading, crimes and conflicts and also begging/stealing.
The Coordination between the Core Nations and the
Periphery nations is done by the Semi-periphery nations. As indicated in world-systems theory, the semi-periphery countries (sometimes
referred to as just the semi-periphery)
are the industrializing, mostly capitalist countries which are positioned
between the periphery and core countries. Semi-periphery countries have
organizational characteristics of both core countries and periphery countries
and are often geographically located between core and peripheral regions as
well as between two or more competing core regions. Semi-periphery regions play
a major role in mediating economic, political, and social activities that link
core and peripheral areas.[56]
The most important character of the semi-periphery
is that they are the coastal regions. It
is the shipment of the resources, i.e. human and products facilitate their
economy. So, the coastal lands play a
significant role in the Semi-periphery nations’ economy.
Semi-periphery nations are midway between the core and periphery. They tend
to be countries moving towards industrialization and a more diversified
economy. Those regions often have relatively developed and diversified economy,
but are not dominant in international trade.
While in the sphere of influence of some cores semi-peripheries also tend to
exert their own control over some peripheries. Further, semi-peripheries act as
buffers between cores and peripheries, thus "partially deflect the political
pressures which groups primarily located in peripheral areas might otherwise
direct against core-states" and stabilize the world-system.[57]
A diversified economy indicates the illicit economy, which is a parallel
economy of the transit nations. These
diversified economy’s spectrum includes drugs, counterfeit products, financial
frauds, human trafficking and arms smuggling.
Semi-periphery economy depends on Core needs and supply from the
periphery and hence it always become a middleman or middle power in the
International Relations. The role played
by these nations always act as catalyst so that the World system do not get
interrupted.
The reason for the flourishing of the Semi-periphery nations since they are
involved in Virtue developments and become the provider of Human Resources of
Skilled population to the Core nations.
Such facilitation helps semi-periphery nations to fill the gap of
industrial need and become the Industrial Vendors for the Core Capitalist nations. The petty industries bloom the small scale
industries and further export trade.
These export trade creates routes that also facilitate illicit economy
of trafficking and smuggling.
The blooming of economy of the semi-periphery also make them destination
for drugs, sexual slavery and crimes of extortion and financial frauds. The blooming of economy of the Semi-periphery
nations since they have become the Vendor Developments towards the facilitation
of the need of the Core Nations.
Semi-peripheries can come into existence both from developing peripheries,
and from declining cores.[58] The declining status of core becomes
semi-periphery of the region is an indicator that they get into transit crimes
such as arms smuggling or the money laundering besides drugs and sex
trade. The reason for declining of core
nations is migration (licit and illicit) and lack of virtue development
process. Another factor for the declines
is the deterioration of the population due to addiction of drugs. Licit migration is an expensive affair
whereas; illicit migration is an undercover liability to the Nation of
Destination. The recent incident of London
2.3 The illicit economy and the
World System
The major
concern of the World today is the Transnational Crimes which has bloomed along
with Globalization. What is
Globalisation and how the parallel economy has flourished which has challenged
the Security and Survival of the World Population? Globalisation has erode the state sovereignty
and erased the boundary resulted the shrinking of State system that provided
security and justice to equate the resources and abilities so that the benefits
of progress is availed by all and become a tool in the hand of Mafia that
control the resources and destroy the abilities to facilitate their need by
toxic the Populations by drugs and shattered society through sexual slavery and
generate economy through piracy and counterfeit goods. This is further controlled by terrorism and
corruption in the state mechanism.
Though the World
System has G-8, BRICS and G77 divided as Core, Semi-Periphery and Periphery
nations, but it might be interesting to observe the way these relations are
under the influence of Transnational Crime of Human Trafficking facilitating
each other as Global policy. The major
players of G-8 nations are the land of destination of Human Trafficking,
whereas, BRICS includes the Transit nations, i.e. Brazil ,
India , China , South Africa are the regional
transit zones of Human Trafficking for various purpose. The G-77 nations become the land of origin
and become a victim of systematic population exploitation due to their
incompetence in the governance or absence in understanding the foreign
Intellectual Property or alienate with indigenous knowledge of governance,
despite it is equipped with natural and human resources.
Core – Periphery
and Semi Periphery are the three distinct characteristics in Organized
Crime. Cores are the consumer, Periphery
is Resource and Semi-periphery is the Transit.
Just the way in the Prostitution racket three phase work, i.e.
facilitator, customer and the pimp.
Semi-Periphery
is more like a pimp. It works as
middleman and try to accommodate all the need of Core requirements and against
which it earns facilitation fees by way of kind or cash, i.e. by Foreign Direct
Investment or Business Development mechanism.
Human Trafficking should be evaluated under the fabric of core-periphery
and semi-periphery relationships.
The data from
the Global Report on Trafficking of Person, UNDOC, 2009 indicates the role of
Semi-periphery is significant in every region that facilitate trafficking
whether human, drugs or counterfeit products.
There are few interesting observations from the study.
1. There is almost one or two or three
semi-periphery in each region.
2. Most of the semi-periphery regions are
coastal land.
3. It has varieties of trafficked population.
The economy of
the semi-periphery is versatile in nature.
It consists of Industrial economy along with transit economy. Transit economy, i.e. based on shipment that
facilitate the economy based on illicit activities, which is further invested
into the Real Estate, Entertainment and other parallel economy, which is
further adds to the mainstream economy.
The role of
Coastal land plays a significant role of the Semi-periphery, whether it is Brazil , South
Africa or India
and Israel ,
all are coastal lands and the trafficker in the region.
Human
trafficking in India
is mainly for the Sexual Slavery and Organ illegal trade. It accommodates the population from its
adjusting regions whether Bangladesh ,
Nepal , Thailand , etc. India
is the land of Origin
Indians who wanted to work illegally in Britain
contacted travel agents working for Kumar's gang in the Punjab, who arranged
for them to fly to Moscow Belgium
by land, crossing borders illegally on a tortuous route through Ukraine , Hungary ,
Slovenia , and down to Italy Britain
remains a destination of choice, and India
have many takers,"[60] This is a clear indication how the routes
have been channeled for trafficking of human to London
The semi-periphery of the Medico Tourism
resulting to illicit economy is in huge boom. World Health Organisation
estimates 10,000 black market operations involving human organs take place each
year. Patients, many of whom will go to China,
India or Pakistan for surgery, can pay up to $200,000 (nearly £128,000) for a
kidney to gangs who harvest organs from vulnerable, desperate people, sometimes
for as little as $5,000.[61]
The venerable victims of this trade are
the population from the periphery nations and the patients are mainly from the
Core nations. There are few incidents
depicting that the organs sellers do not even get the money assured to them
against the sale of their Organ. Besides
this fraud, they are absolutely ignored after the post transplant
treatment. Further a close network that
flaunts to keep a close lookout for the prospective organ sellers. These network works under multi-layer
marketing system. These networks include
the medical practitioners that are mainly trapped as member under the
networking of sale of various medical products.
The market is created by the networking of doctors and the vendors are
identified through free Medical Camps.
The creation of Corporatism in the Health
care, which is ethically a service and not a profit making business has left
its values of service and became a money spinning profession at the destitute
of population irrespective of their economical strength whether it is a core nation
or the periphery nations or semi-periphery.
The most victimized nation in the Medico goonism is the semi-periphery
nations. Though there has been
enormous work done depicting the victimization of poor masses for the Organ
trade, but it is generally overlooked how the patients are created. The availability of the Organs also creates
patients even if there is absolutely not necessary for such
transplantation. In a sense, the market
is created due to availability of the product.
Hence, the patients remain in absolute mercy of the medico professional
who remains ungoverned due to facilitation by the Organ Mafias. It is also important to evaluate the role of
Medical insurance in promoting such Organ Rackets.
The Healthcare in the semi-periphery
nations like India
The prosperity of any Transit
nation out of bloom is due to illicit economy.
Arms smuggling is the major source of International Remuneration. Brazil is earning out of
destitution of population of other nations that remain under threat and
security crisis. The Arms Weapons smuggling
are generally attributed to internal security crisis as we find in Naxalism or
Maoists in India or civil
wars like in Syria or Libya or facilitating Somalia pirates. Arms smuggling also generate power to the
crimes and contract killing, which is the biggest tool to control the economy
of extortion and Real Estate Rackets.
The indicator of the prosperity
of any provision in the era of Globalization is the Drug market and the tall
buildings. The Special Economic Zone or
Free Trade Zone is the modern day Canton
system which has the legacy of Chinese Trading system with the foreign
countries. The Drugs markets flourish
where there is a population earn through illicit activities and there is a need
of population to protect the illicit activities in the region.
The United Nations Office on
Drugs and Crime reported that drug seizures in Brazil increased 10 fold in a four
year period.[63] This is indicative that the prosperity of Brazil
is creating a huge fabric of toxic population that facilitates the illicit
economy of smuggling and trafficking of weapons and counterfeit products.
Sudden bloom to Real Estate and
Infrastructural Development and tall buildings since Globalization have role in
the Core and Semi-periphery development.
This attracts licit and illicit migration. The SEZ and FTZ, which is a part of British
Imperialism is a legacy of the Canton system in China
that restricted trade with foreign traders, but these concept have been used to
facilitate by stealing the Economy of the Nations that have the ample
opportunity for the illicit economy.
Being the Coastal lands of the SEZ regimes it promotes smuggling and
trafficking of human and counterfeit products.
The crisis for Somalia ,
Libya , Syria , and Sudan are mainly for being the
coastal land and are in spectrum of the shark eye of British Imperialism under
SEZ and FTZ.
In conclusive note it is
understood that the prosperity earned through Theory of Dependency is more on
illicit economy in the World System than the licit economy. It also destroys the indigenous economy and
creates a fabric of unskilled labour due to facilitation of the World policy
that only approaches the Growth based on Infrastructural Development and not
based on Human Development.
1.4 Drugs and
Neo-Colonisation
The illicit
economy has its own population and it is growing more and more by invading the
mainstream economy. The regime of Drugs
is the main source of population generation to facilitate the illicit economy. Though there have been numerous work done on
the trade-route of the drugs and illegal transnational activities, but the most
significant on this is to bring these illicit activates to its legal form. If fact the transformation of the illicit
money to licit money.
Historically we
have witnessed how the opium trade had facilitated the capital for Industrial
process and Industrialization. The
bullion earned through toxic the population of China became the major source of
capitalism. Treaty of Nanky is the evidence how the trades were designed to
facilitate one-sided economy through wars and weapons.
Smoking opium for the hallucinogenic effects is not
noted in China
until the 18th century, but probably began sometime earlier. The Chinese
Imperial Government in the early 18th century became increasingly concerned
with the spreading addiction to opium and its debilitating effect. The Imperial
Government prohibited the sale of opium mixed with tobacco and banned
opium-smoking houses (1729). The Government classed selling opium for smoking
"was classed with robbery and instigation to murder, and punished with
banishment or death." [Rowntree] The Government found, however, very
difficult to stop the trade, especially as the British steadily increased
shipments to China .
The opium trade produced a country with huge numbers of drug addicts. Opium
parlors despite being illegal sprang up all over the country because of the
craving of addicts for the drug. What had been a serious problem in the 18th
century reached crisis levels by the early 19th century as British shipments of
opium from India
continued to increase. One historian writes, "The effects on Chinese
society were devastating. In fact, there are few periods in Chinese history
that approach the early nineteenth century in terms of pure human misery and
tragedy." [Hooker][64]
Britishers never
had surplus from trade since they had more of demands from the Asian nations
than its supply. So, the opium became
the main product that was produced in Patna (India ) and it was smuggled to China . The more consumption of opium meant for more
bullion for British Economy and China ’s
huge populations facilitated this strategy that benefited to rise of Capitalism
and Industrial Revolution.
The Treaty of
Nanky which was claimed according to the International Law was absolutely
illegal since there was no world system to format the International Law to
which the Nations of the World should have been followed. The unjust treaty that had to surrender the China ’s
sovereignty in the hand of smugglers of Opium was actually facilitated by the
British Imperialism. This was the first
milestone of Organized Crime.
The success of
British Imperialism in captivating the China ’s
economy motivated to destroy the Colonial competition of the Europe
in the era of Colonization. World War II
was designed to destroy the Population and Economy of Europe that could curtail
the Trade rivalry in the World. This
further established its Colonial supremacy through Commonwealth Nation to which
British Crown is ultimate Monarchy.
The arrangement
of Commonwealth Nations is as flawed as Nanky Treaty. After World War II, when there was a
formation of United Nations, then the relevance of Commonwealth does not
arise. Commonwealth Nations destroyed
the Sovereignty of the State or never allowed to build the sovereignty and
functioning as parallel State without accountability. This is the main cause of Corruption in the
State system and manipulating the illicit economy to the licit economy. The tenure taken towards repatriation of
economy from its destruction due to exploitation and war was applicable until
the Cold War was over. After the
disintegration of USSR ,
it became an easy path towards neo-colonization through Structural Adjustment
programme. Neo-colonization followed the
same strategies that were used in the colonial era. The colonial procedure was through loans,
surrender of defense, conflict theory, annexation of regime through war or
policy of inheritance, comparative trade and extortion through defacto tax system. The drain of wealth was the main policies of
colonial era which became active during neo-colonization.
There are three
patterns to study the Neo-colonization by the British International Relations
Strategy after the Cold War.
i.
Commonwealth
Nations as source of Resources:
Commonwealth Nations remained as domain status on Lease Governance
system against the Royalty which makes the Political Parties corrupt. They had to continue the legacy of the British Empire through the Policies and Laws designed by
them. So, the purpose of exploitation of
Resources (natural and human) and Market remained in the hand of British
Imperialism.
ii.
European Union as
Market: Europe
is the biggest destination of drugs and human trafficking for sexual slavery
and forced labour. Europe
became colony of the British Imperialism by surrendering the Defense and
Foreign Policy and erosion of boundaries.
This was the biggest facilitation towards economy of drugs and sexual
slavery. Further drugs and sex destroys
the social virtues and this enables them to destroy the potential of Regime
that could challenge the hegemony of British Imperialism in the Region. The fall of economy in Europe
is due to the illicit economy and destruction of the virtues of the Land, which
is the IR Strategy of British Imperialism to control the Region.
iii.
Middle-east
countries for Oil Reserves: The
invasions on Arab peninsular and middle-east nations were through war and
intruding into intra-regional conflicts.
NATO led by US is the military partner to the British Imperialism to
control the Oil Reserves.
Another relevant point that needs attention the incursion of populations
in UK
and US after World War II and Cold War subsequently is control tool of the
World. The illegal migration is
deliberately promoted by these two nations, which was actually part of their
International Relations. The migration
from Commonwealth Nation in UK
became the Commonwealth population in UK whereas the migration from the
world ethnicity to US became the World Population in US which further became
tool of International Relations.
Globalization furthered liquefied the boundary crisis which became the
major facilitators of organized crime.
The Rise of
China as Superpower challenging the hegemony of US is part of British IR
Strategy, whereas grooming India
to challenge the China ’s
power through Tibet
conflict. Hence, the present
International Relations are controlled through War or Conflicts or Civil wars
and Terrorism, which is funded by economy of drugs and arms smuggling to
protect the interest of illicit economy known as Organized Crime.
Invasion of Iran Thailand by selling the drug at a cheaper price
then the Myanmar
drug traffickers. Police report that
traffickers from Iran are
selling a kilogram of crystal meth in Thailand
for $26,000 (800,000 Thai Baht), undercutting the Myanmar traffickers, who sell a
kilogram of crystal meth for $81,000 (2.5 Million Thai Baht). The Iranians are able to sell their drugs at
a cheaper price due to using lesser amounts of pseudoephedrine.[65] The Sanctions imposed on Iran on the nuclear issues should
be viewed whether the threat under nuclear weapon is the cause to check the
Iranian cartel intrusion in British monopoly in the Drug Trade.
2.5 Entertainment
and Organized Crime
Ever since human
society existed entertainment was the part of life. It played a significant role as Religion
placed in Life and Society. With the
growing face of civility the entertainment took two phases, i.e. nomadic and
culture. Nomadic entertainment was
killings, hunting and ungoverned sexual pleasure, whereas cultural
entertainment was festivals and community participation on varied economic and
social relevance.
Those recreation
crossed the line of civility were called Para-community, i.e. the community
which was away from the mainstream society.
The entertainment of the para-community always rose from the Instinct,
i.e. sex and violence whereas the recreation of the mainstream always evolution
from Religion and Economy. Religion was
the governance mechanism whereas Economy was the survival means. The discipline of ethnology relates to the
traditional knowledge and economy which was based on their respective culture.
Gradually with
the evolution of the society, the nomadic tendencies of the society were also
organized through the brothel system which was the caterer of sex, toxic and
crime. The consumption of the nomadic
elements from the mainstream society was absorbed by the brothel system which
was placed in alienation.
The Philosophy
of the Recreation was always from the space of routine that gave energies for
the continuity of the routine. The
invasion of drugs as recreation of the community was the first step of invading
the mainstream society. The invasion of
toxic whether liquor or drugs destroyed the peace in the community and hence
became another stream of Economy of the para-community. The economies of Para-community always thrive
by destroying the Peace of mainstream since it encourages instincts than
civility.
The Economy of
Drugs that strategically introduced by the British Traders and saved bullion of
British Economy became huge beneficiaries by way of comparative trade,
batter-system and spoiling the society by destroying their virtues and skills
and hence they became the slaves for the hazardous occupations and promoting
violence. The justification of sale of
drug was to facilitate the community consumption towards recreation that
destroys the human reasoning and addiction leads the destruction of the society
and this is the reason that toxic elements remained alienated from the
civility.
Cinema became
the modern and new form of the recreation which brought entertainment on
screen. It was distinct from the
traditional entertainment system and an evolution through technology. Gradually, cinema became an important economy
of recreation such as drugs which had ample collection from the mainstream
society. Cinema became a tool for social
change and it reflected in the society and also the reflection of the society
in the Cinema.
The Post Cold
War and the SAP adjustment programme made the economy liberal. This provided ample opportunity for the
entrepreneurship without the grip of the Government’s vigilance and
accountability. Since there was no
accountability to the Government hence there was a space that created another
economy called extortion. Extortion was
a tax system of the unorganized sectors.
The tools to mobilize these activities were terror and violence. Similarly there were many periphery economies
such as contract killing and arms dealing along with smuggling of counterfeit
products and human trafficking. These
associate activities were done through allocation of area. The allocation of area was based on leased
system against royalty, which is again auctioned.
The money
accumulated through these activities needed circulation and hence the
investment on Real-Estate business and Entertainment industry became the best
platform. Hence, the Mafia became
capitalist through the illicit economy. The
Mumbai train blast in 1993[66]
was a public announcement Daud Ibrahim[67]
as the kingpin of the illicit economy in India . The protection given to Daud whether in Dubai or in Pakistan is under the shield
British Imperialism since the beneficiaries of the diversified economy
facilitates British IR strategies.
The transition
of illicit economy to the mainstream economy was Share-trading. The public investments in the private-public
partnership through shares gave the ample opening of transferring black-money into
the licit economy. Similarly, the Real
Estate business took a boom through tall buildings which attracted migrations
and hence became the financial capital of the nation.
The SEZ and FTZs
played a significant role in Corporate and its partnership of the illicit
economy through transnational crime.
Illicit economy is generated by unorganized economy, which is nothing,
but the space created by the licit economy of Corporate in the era of
Globalization. The periphery economy[68]
is mainly maintained by the human trafficking for the forced labour and sexual
slavery. The economy generated through
these activities are further invested on the Share trading and led to
legalizing the illicit money.
The Economy
earned through illicit means led to an elevation of Corporatism, which is
nothing but the Feudal of Resources (natural and human) and Market for
consumerism. Corporatism captivated
natural resources through manipulation of Policies through facilitation. The nexus of Underworld, Corporate and
Political affiliation is to facilitate Defacto regime, which is frequently
invading the Dejure Regime and State Treasure.
Sports are
another form of entertainment which has different treatment. Mainstream society treats Sports as a virtue
development based on practice and discipline whereas as para-community treated
sports as pleasure and recreation. The
approach towards Sports in International arena is to curtail the instinct of
War through competitions. The
International Events for Sport became the business generation for the few
agencies by destroying the National Economy.
The Olympics in Greece
were responsible for the distortion of Greek Economy. Commonwealth Games in Delhi [69]
became one of the major scam when the expenses of the event rose to seven times
more than the budget.
The financial
collapse of the Greece after
the Athens Olympics and subsequent Commonwealth Games in Delhi which exposed a high-level corruption
and scam has made many apprehensions in the Economy of the Events of Sport and
International Strategies towards draining of wealth from the National Economy. The illicit economy have huge influence in
the Global Events and conversion into the licit economy.
There are three
aspects in this Study, i.e. Events, Corporate and National Treasure. The events of Sport are essential in
International Relations. It diverts the
instinct of war and channel the winning mechanism through Virtue of expertise,
persistence and sense of achievement.
Hence, International Sports are very crucial towards International
Relations and sustain the World Peace.
The logic of
organizing the Event by the respective Nations should be based on indigenous
organizing abilities since such events not only create Infrastructure capacity,
but also generate huge entrepreneur skills and capabilities. But such facilitation are becoming alien in
the present system of International Sports Events.
The present
system of organizing of International Sport is distinct from the perspective of
International capabilities development.
The fall of Greece Economy was only after the Athens Olympics which has
compelled Greece
to compromise its Sovereign by surrendering the Coalmines[70]
for the Global Economy.
The basic
approach of conducting these International Sports and Events should be based on
the Indigenous capabilities since it promotes the National skills to handle the
International Events. It encourages the
economy and management skill of any Nations. The present system alienation from
indigenous experiences against International experiences for holding a mega
project, whereas the expenses of such event are borne through indigenous
economy. The deliberate efforts on the flaw in the Policies by the Bodies of
International Events facilitate a group of agencies that blocks the growth of local
talents and flourished at the cost of National Treasure when the majority of
population are deprived with basic need and lives in acute poverty. These
internationals events become a money spinning activities and bring the Nations
into austerity. These International
events are managed in London
and the beneficiaries of all these Events are earned by those business houses
which are the part of British Crown’s private economy, i.e. Commonwealth
Nations.
The films and
the reality shows or the concerts are also the tool of the Imperialistic
strategy. The promotion of Gay
relations, surrogate, and nudity in the name of liberty are all to facilitate
their International Relation strategies.
The importance of Gay fabric for the British Crown should be evaluated
in the Theory of Minority against Majority which was historically the British
strategy to control the majority of the World politics in the name of
protection to the Minority as ‘divide and rule’ policy. The proliferation of Gay relations are the
strategic approach though child sex abuse, female foeticide and gender
disparity to separate two genders and destroy the family system. This will create a huge fabric of Sex slaves
and forced labors/criminals to facilitate the economic policies of the British
imperialism. The control of the family
system by the tool of minority of the Gay fabric is similar to the identity
based on Jews against Christianity and Islam.
It is easy to appease a small population of minority section against the
oppression of the majority of Population is a strategy of British Imperialism.
Cricket, which
is an exclusive game of British imperialism and also enjoys the IPR is another
approach of controlling the economy of the Commonwealth Nations. The royalty earned through various events and
its sponsorship from the corporate is the channel of draining the National
wealth into the British economy. The
involvement of Corporate in sponsorships is the process of draining the
National Economy to the British Economy through excessive media coverage. Cricket is converted into casino, which is facilitating Drugs, Sex
and Betting through glamorizing the Sport which has aliened from the Sports
Culture.
The Corporate
render their surplus or share of investment through sponsorships, which becomes
mandatory towards their stability in the Trade.
Sahara Group[71]
who is the biggest sponsorship of the Cricket earns its resources through
manipulation and destitution of the mass population by various schemes of
economy generation. Similarly, the UB
Group, DLF and Reliance who are also the participatory in the Entertainment
Industry through owning the team and or engaging in film production is also
drain the wealth by squeezing the National Treasure through manipulation and
corrupt means and also evident in 2G scam[72].
The fabric of
celebrities which are more like feudal lords in the Entertainment Industries
whether sports and films are also a channel of extortion of money through
sponsorships and brands in the name of publicity and product launch. They are the control system and placed highly
in tune of economy and media attention.
The money earned through these brands and sponsorships are further used
towards money laundering in the name of community welfare or causes for
humanity. These donations and the causes
are the channels towards control of polity who lives in poverty towards various
political mobilizations such as internal conflicts due to identity crisis or
separatism or political scuffle.
The
sustainability of the status of elitism in the fabric of celebrities is done
through control of resources and suppression of abilities through lobbies and
strategies. The motivations of
sustaining the elitism in these sectors are the market of brands and sponsorships. Those who carry the strategies of the money
laundering continue to remain in the status of elitism. Hence, the celebrities whichever the status
they enjoy they do remain as a population of British imperialism and extend the
strategies and doctrine provided by the Designers in London .
The nexus
between Films and Cricket which are private economy of British Crown are
designed in London . The captivation of Cinema industry is also
promoting the sex trade, gay fabric and drugs market. The attractions of young generation in the
glamour world generally get trapped in the nexus of drugs and sex trade. They become the facilitators to support their
expenses for their establishment in the trade.
Most of them do not get the placement and becomes a tool of the
Traffickers and generate illicit economy.
The sudden rises of dance shows have encouraged a huge rate of
trafficking for drugs and sex. This is
ruining the innocence of creativity in the area of culture in the hand of
transnational crimes.
The Hegemony of
the creativity based London
for the entertainment industry is ruining the local talents. The culture of Multiplex are destroying the
single screen cinema has not only raised the high cost in the recreation
process, but also captivated the display possibilities for the small budget or
social relevance movies. The profits earned by these multiplexes are more than
what it is earned by the Producers. The
risk factors remain with the producers whereas these Multiplexes enjoy the
maximum profits. The compulsion for the audience that have no choice, but to
take what is fetch has limited its entertainment arena. These multiplexes also enjoy the Tax
exemption, which is similar to SEZ and FTZs which are the part of British
imperialism.
The philosophy of Entertainment Industry is that
when people are suffering they take the salvation from Entertainment, i.e.
Films or Sports just to divert from the routine harassment. The suffering could be Individual, social,
political or economic limitation. The
high cost livelihood, joblessness, insecurity and unbearable other means of
recreation compel the population to spend time on Television, which is the
cheapest means of entertainment. In
fact, it is similar to that the approach towards the buyers is that single-people
are more shopping phobia to suppress their loneliness. It is important
to evaluate how the destitution of the society is benefiting the FMCG and
Entertainment industries in tune of marketing and recreation. Is this a marketing strategy by the Corporate
through various theories of rights and liberties? Is the gender disparity through the
conception of liberal society is creating a gap between two genders and
flourishing the fabric of Gays, Prostitutes and Surrogacy?
To understand
the nexus of Gays, Prostitute and Surrogacy it is relevant to evaluate this
within the International Strategy of British imperialism that are quite focused
on Gay Rights and imposing on various countries through Media, Activism, Films
and Political process.
The high-rise of
population and the distribution of economy are becoming great challenges for
those who believe in Power and Pleasure.
The riches earned through the destitution of the masses are becoming
miserable for them to show the face to the world when there are voices from all
angles depicting poverty and targeting to achieve the Millennium Development
Goals by United Nations[73]. Various Wars and killing including mass
destruction could not reduce the population and hence there was a drastic need
felt by the British Imperialistic power that is controlling the Commonwealth
Nations under the British Monarchy to reduce the population through Gender
Disparity and shrinking of family system though liberation of women from the
social bonding, i.e. marriage through conflict theory, i.e. one-sided law such
as section 498A[74].
The Gay fabric
is as similar as the Drugs fabric. Drugs
were a recreation tool as much as a gay relation was also a sexual
fanaticism. But later it became a tool
to control the social fabric and remained as IR strategy of British imperialism. Gays are created through Child abuse. The sexual exploitation of male children
become gay in due course of time just the way all those who become prostitute
as choice are the victims of Child Abuse.
Another approach towards Crime against Women through killings towards
reducing of population of women by any means, i.e. killing the adult women
and/or simply female foeticide or infanticide is another strategy towards
proliferation of gay fabrics. The
drastic rise in Gay population after the WWII and subsequently Cold War is
significance that Gay is not an instinct, but a created fabric. The Crimes in gay fabric generally
concealed. If anyone gets into the gay
relation through fantasy, it becomes impossible from them to get out of that
fabric.
Gays are
different from the trans-gender. Earlier
trans-gender was the tool of sexual pleasure historically, but in the modern
time a specific facilitation is provided through various economic opportunities
to promote the fabric of Gay. In the
Films and stage shows designed in London
is a mandatory to project and promote homosexuality to bring it as social
acceptability.
The Political
activism towards the Gay marriages is to provide a space for the Third Gender,
which is a fabricated and not natural.
The political recognition by way of legalizing marriage brings them to
the mainstream society which will further become threat to the family system in
tune of Minority against Majority. It is
similar to Zions that are becoming a big challenge to the Islamic World and
becoming a threat to the region as an IR strategy of British imperialism
towards the captivating the resources and destroying the population in the
region.
No matter how
much effort can be made to promote the gay fabric, but it will remain as a status
of minority though the percentage of gay population may rise. The fabric of prostitute towards the sexual
facilitation for the heterosexual community has also been `taken care. The migrated communities are the major
contributors towards the rise of the sex trade in the land of destination.
Both Gay fabric
and the fabric of prostitute do curtail the population since there is no
provision for rising the next generation.
But the continuity of the population of gay fabric is through Surrogate
does serve the population generation, but in restrictive means. Hence, gay populations do serve the approach
of Population restriction even though it is a limited solution.
Gay fabric makes
women destitute since it is the reduction of women’s population makes Gay fabric
broaden. Not just security threats to
women, but it also deprive her from sexual facilitation, which is her
biological need. Besides the population
reduction, another factor that is intended to increase the gay fabric is to
ruin the manhood in the society. The
shrinking of the manhood will make the British Imperialism unchallenged and
hence will remain in continuity of its hegemony.
Hence it is
important to relate how Entertainment Industry has crossed its limits from the
recreation towards the IR strategy of the British Imperialism through the
projection of ugly face of the society through fantasies and
entertainment. It is not just blocking
the growth of sanctity of creativity and destroying the indigenous economy, but
also destroying the society with various deceptive theories of Rights and Liberty .
2.6 Means of Control – Violence
and Corruption
Crime and
Violence are based on instinct and it is a spontaneous action, but when Crime
becomes a mode of survival then it is an Organized Crime based on Strategies
and not instinct. Strategies towards
violence were done mainly towards control of Power and grabbing the economy of
any Nation.
Post Cold War
has witnessed a drastic hype in the Mafiaism
which worked under extortion, i.e. extortion from common people. Such extortion of the unorganized community
is called defacto Tax. The Political system of Mafia works with a
close network with the distribution of area.
They create a small province which works by creating fear and
insecurity.
Besides
extortion, which is a tax system, there is also a distribution of area of
exploration the illicit economy. The
main is distribution of resources and services such as illegal oil extortion or
drugs or counterfeit products or trafficking of women or children and also arms
smuggling. Services like illegal
passport or ration card or driving license business. These activities are based on Leased system
and these are auctioned by their upper strata who further take a lease of
larger area. These system works as
pyramid scheme. Every area or every
resource has pyramid distribution.
This illicit
economy is controlled by Political Affiliation through Democratic system, i.e.
Municipal, State and National level distribution. The Political Leader is protector of the
province’s illicit economy who further enjoys the royalty of the combined
resources generation, whether extortion, resource captivation or services. Municipal province reaches to micro economy,
i.e. shopkeepers, etc. or periphery crimes likes child begging mafia,
prostitution, pubs etc. whereas, Assembly province captivate the state level
resources like small scale Industries or illicit exploration of Natural
resources and land grabbing of the State through policies or manipulations,
whereas, the National Level Politicians extract the resources through Larger
Industries, Corporate, National Resources, Cross border trafficking and
smuggling and through defense policies manipulation through Arms weapons’ lobby
to execute Global Policies mainly for Western Interest that facilitates
Organized Crime.
Democracy has
always been criticized by muscle and money power, it is because the province
representation in the Democratic system works under the distribution of
location and generation of illicit economy.
The fund-raising process as party donation is nothing but the extortion
against the protection of the illicit economy through the State-system. The corruption what is the major concern in
the Statehood is a parallel defacto
system in the Democratic arrangement.
The collection
of money even from the daily wagers to small hawkers to get into the collection
agents and those who do not pay the extortion money faced security threat or
legal complication. This security threat
is not just for those who are weak and population from the unorganized economy,
but also for the bigger business house or establish corporate.
The most
interesting factor is the collection agents are the party workers of the
dominant political parties of region or national. The people’s affiliations with the political
parties are mainly for the resource generation than political ideology. The earnings of the Political Workers who
give their support to the Parties in the various agitations and protests are
earned through the collection of the defacto
earning. These collection from the
various fabrics and agencies are also auctioned and placed into Leased system.
The invasion on
the tax system through tax evasion is also done through strategies. In every Industry in any Location has a political
placement as a Worker, whose placement is very crucial in the organization
irrespective of his/her position or skills.
They work as lobby to facilitate defacto
system by various unethical means whether its Labour manipulation or
electricity theft or illegal occupation or tax evasion or sexual facilitation
along with counterfeit or adulterated produces.
The economic corruption is mainly done by these lobbyists who become
mandatory to run the Industries.
The role of NGOs
plays a significant role in promoting the defacto regime, which has affiliation
of unaccounted money through corruption and illicit economy. The tax evasion through donations is the
channel to preserve the illicit economy and also get protected from the
vigilance of Income Tax. The unorganized
sector of NGOs which neither have any Commission to monitor or have any
accountability to its contribution is an eye-wash of the community development
process.
The corruption
in the administrative system also has an organized mechanism. Every department in the Government machinery
holds a political affiliation. The
crucial placement is also auctioned and has a leased system. The money generated through corruption, i.e.
bribery and manipulation to local, district, state or national level has a
channel that reaches to the Party fund.
The policies are framed in such a way that it facilitates the smooth
generation of defacto income.
The Democratic
system in India
and the World is based on Leased System.
The Parliamentary Democracy, which is based on the province representation,
is also auctioned from election ticket to the Legislative position or the
Cabinet placement. The theory of Popular
choice is only an eye-wash, which is basically manipulated through strategies
and threat.
The State failure
is considered when the dejure system
diminishes and it is controlled by the defacto
system, i.e. the system controlled by the mafias and political worker and
looses its legitimacy of Government. The
dejure economy diminishes which
contribute to State Treasure and the illicit economy rules the Regime. The
status of failed states like Pakistan ,
Afghanistan and Somalia are due
to the collapse of State Treasure and the nation is ruled by the illicit
economy of drugs or piracy and terror.
The British pattern
of Democracy does not guarantee strong Statehood since British pattern of
Democracy is based on Defacto under the shield of Law since Laws are made by
those who have earned their placed through defacto process. Democracy based on British imperialism may
lead to collapse of Statehood. The Royalty or Tribute that reaches to the
British Crown is earned through illicit income and not through State
Treasure. The financial collapse that
the Europe and other Western nations are
confronting is due to the Royalty / tribute by the illicit income and stealing
State Treasure.
The promotional
slogan for Democracy, i.e. ‘two democratic nations do not wage War’ is to
promote democracy against dictatorship is mainly to generate the Tribute or
Royalty through Leased Governance system as IR strategy of British
imperialism. The truth behind this
slogan is that until the time democratic or dictatorship nations continue to
pay tribute/royalty to the British Imperialism there is a peace in the region
and when the nation refuses to pay the tribute have the fatal ending like few
rulers in Middle-east and USSR .
The conflict in the region is designed in such a way that in case the tribute
is not paid there will be a War. India
has the continuing threat from Pakistan
and China
and it is manipulated towards surrendering Indian Policies to facilitate
British imperialism. The Kargil War (1999)[75],
Kandhar hijacking IC814 (!999)[76]
and Parliament Attack (2001)[77]
during the NDA regime was the outcome of non-paying the tribute to the British
Imperialism. The continuity of the
Congress regime under Nehru-Gandhi family is due to the regular payment of
tribute towards holding power in the country.
The means of
control of the extortion whether it is micro economy or macro economy the pattern
of threat is the same, i.e. Contract Killing or Legal conspiracy to surrender
to their policy or pay tribute. Contract
killing at micro regime is done through local mafia whereas macro economy is
done through terrorism whereas to control the policies of the nation is done
through International Policies by way of Riots, Civil Conflicts and War on
disputed regions by the neighbouring nations.
26/11 attack in India’s Financial capital was mainly to surrender the Sovereign
of the TATA, the Indian Multinational conglomerate to
assimilate into British economy and while in the process of doing it Singur
conflicts[78] was
created against TATA Nano factory was also designed to shift TATA Nano in
Gujarat SEZ, which is part of British Economy resulting to which TMC could form
Government in West Bengal. Further the
succession of the TATA group by a Non-Indian Cyrus Mistry to head the Indian conglomerate is also an indicator that
TATA is now part of British Economy.
Another attack was on Mumbai 13/7 on the prime
diamond and gems market was mainly to bring the diamond market into Gujarat SEZ
which will again be the part of British Imperialism. The big Industries and traders were
compelled to be part of the British economy through SEZ which provides them tax
exemption low cost labour, excellent supply of electricity and water on the
compromise of local Economy and surrender the surplus to the British
imperialistic policies. This
is called Global Extortion. The
World, which is confronting Recession or Financial Decline is basically the
International Strategy of British Imperialism by Controlling the Economy
through SEZs and FTZs and also stealing State Treasures through International
Sports Event like Olympics, Commonwealth Games and International Crickets.
2.7
Conclusion
To sum up the
above notes, the treaty of Nanky and
Opium Wars was the first systematic approach of the Invasion on Economy and not
the Political through Wars, but the false treaties in the name of International
Laws. From free trade to the captivation
of the Economy can be well related to the Global Policies to which biased
representations by the Core Nations are making a complete stagnation of
Prosperity and Peace in the Comity of Nations.
Acute deprivation of the Human Development is the part of political
strategy to captivate the population through minimal survival and maintain the
hegemony of the Core Nations in the World.
A typical
approach of British Imperialism to control the economy and not the population
will make the regime orphans, administration ineffective and enslavement of
intellectuals. This will make the
continuity of the exploitation of Resources (Human and Natural) without
accountability to the population of the World.
Some schemes like, food security or guaranteed employment like NEREGA is
nothing but to keep them as bonded labour and remain forever at the receiving
end and alienate these populations from the virtue development process.
SOLUTIONS
Combating the Challenges of Drugs
Chapter III
Combating the Challenges of Drugs
Towards the
solution of the destitution of the Masses due to Drugs and its consequences,
morally, socially and politically in local, national and global level, it is
important to take various measures and steps that can destroy the Drugs menace
strategically.
The War against
Organised Crime that is destroying the State Treasure, which is meant for
welfare of the Population, should be fought strategically and in Gorilla war
patterns. This includes invasion into
the Cartel system, Organising the dejure
mechanism with fortified system of Guilds and Association, correction in the
Political System and intact the social administration through family system and
community participation.
The initial step
should be towards the destroying the network of the Intra-cartel of drugs, i.e.
from the cultivation, to transition and the consumption of the drugs. Further the strategies to be taken to destroy
the carrier of the drugs, i.e. Human Resources and the transportation, which is
through sea routes to transit inter-regional location and roads towards
intra-region.
A systematic
approach to curtail the menace of drugs is to provide a fortified system of
social administration and economy generation through guilds and association. The membership of the association will further
check the criminalization of the economic process and abusing the human
resources through social disparity techniques.
Global movement
is the main cause to the destitution of the local since it destroys the virtue
development process from the periphery and the core nations. Moreover, excessive movements do bear the
excessive transportation which further requires fuel consumption and ultimate
it becomes overhead to the National Treasure.
This further influences the International Relations towards procurement
and reserved resources, which becomes cause for Wars and Conflicts.
Political
feudalism is the fabrics that moderate the Organized Crime, whether it is drug
trade, human trafficking or smuggling of counterfeit products and the benefits
are earned through various donations by moderating the policies of tax
exemption to the Non-Government Agencies and Political Parties. Political Parties are the controller of the
Crime Mafia, so unless this feudalism is not bringing into the dejure system, the mafias cannot be
controlled.
Trade ethics
play a significant role in controlling the illicit activities in any nation or
transnational trade relations. The
guilds are the local governance system that not only upgrade and moderate the
trading system, but also promote indigenous economy and virtue
development. This brings the population
from unskilled to skill and become a part of the economy generation. In the Global platform, the trade will be
based on need and surplus and not according to core-periphery relations. This will further check the Global movements
whether licit or illicit and hence gradually settled the cultural crisis in any
nation dues to migrations.
The Governance
by Law holds relevance when it is understood the difference between the
Governance by Law or the Dictatorship of Law.
The present UN system is based on Values and not Laws. Values differ
according to the cultural variation, so it is important to understand the
governance mechanism towards World Order should be based on Laws which has
universally accepted.
3.1 Invading the Cartel Regime
The Political
ambition of the British Imperialistic power to Control the World has taken a
shape of Crimes after the formation of the United Nations that protect the
sovereign of Nations and responsible for the human development of the World
Populations. The British Imperialistic
Power always played a game of terror and manipulation to promote the economy
due to Industrialization and to benefits the Trade relations after destructing
the ethics of trade that based on Need and Surplus.
“Organised crime bosses have embraced globalization
every bit as enthusiastically as the heads of legitimate international
conglomerates. Which means Colombian, Italian, Chinese, Russian and Jamaican
gangsters are doing business in London , Manchester , Glasgow and Belfast.
Organised Crimes
that grew in the wake of Liberalization as Organized and Globalization as
Transnational crimes is difficult to combat with the local policing system and
national intelligence, which are quite inadequate to destroy the strong fabric
of Organized Crime. The close network
and its political control have failed to dismantle the cartel regime catering
to various illicit economies and destroying the licit system. The major crisis in the local administration
is the placement of the staff, which is mainly through falsification and
manipulation by the political bosses that survive on the illicit economy.
During the
Colonial era, the world was under the grip of the crime designers in tune of
international trade which was facilitated by the economy of drugs. The economic crime was never recognized in
the International Laws which further created a parallel economic system after
the sovereign status attained post World War II. The rise of transnational crime in the wake
of Globalization is eyewash under the slogan of boundary less associations
which actually destroyed the sovereign of nations and the Corporate, the
economic feudal that further have captured the Power and Resources.
Organised crimes
have been dealt under the discipline of Criminology, but it should be taken
into consideration as a pattern of economy and its International
Relations. The Criminal Justice system
based on democratic process and international doctrine of Human Rights should
be viewed under the spectrum of Politics of Drugs. The Lawmakers are the one who are the
facilitators of the Law breakers and hence this process is inadequate when
handling the Crimes that are destroying the population by toxic and
destitution.
“NCIS director of intelligence
Roger Gaspar agreed that the RICO legislation should be given consideration.
"We need to try and work out what are the most effective of these
draconian types of law. The trouble with these (laws) is that they go towards
the issue of innocent until proven guilty. The more one actually puts the onus
upon individuals to explain what they have done, then one is attacking the
principle of innocence until guilty, so it's a difficult area of law, but it's
one that’s essential to examine," he said.”[80]
The delay
tactics of justice and deteriorating condition of the Administration of the
Criminal Justice is the cause of proliferation of the Organised Crime. Further the Law making processes are in the
hands of those who are monitoring the illicit economy and
money-laundering. Money-laundering is a
form of cash flow that operates the defacto
regime and generates resources through drugs, sex-trade, corruption, financial
frauds, adulterated goods and counterfeit products and controls the regime
through real-estate and acquisition of lands and properties.
To check the
criminals and it’s proceeding and making it effective and quick delivery
system, there is a need to make attachment of the properties while the Court
process the criminal proceeding. This
will make the proceedings impermeable to both sides of the Laws and it is
within the jurisdiction and does not need any law amendments. The accused is innocent until they proved to
be guilty and the Law executors will possess its property until the time the
accused proves to be innocent. Attaching
properties of those who are into criminal proceeding will check the
proliferation of crimes since the crime-money is invested in properties and
real-estate. Loss of property is more a
punishment for the accused instead of placing them into imprisonment, which is
run by tax-payer’s money, i.e. State-treasure.
This can also be used towards the reimbursement the expenses of the
Legal proceeding during the tenure. This
will suppress the delay tactics of the defense of the accused. This will strengthen the dejure system and there will be no loss of treasure towards
execution of Justice and further reduce the compilations of false cases that
are generally used to settle scores at Intra-cartel disputes.
“He said there was a need for an FBI-style
national police force in the UK
and proper anti-racketeering legislation, similar to the RICO (Racketeer
Influenced and Corrupt Organizations) Act introduced in the US 30 years ago. He told BBC News
Online: "No-one is properly addressing organised crime, which is why it is
winning."[81]
To combat
organized crime needs to look into the strategic approach that facilitated the
strengthening of transnational crimes.
Expansion and strengthening of Dejure
Regime
The dejure
system can be expanded through guilds and association as described in
Structural Governance[82]. This will broaden the spectrum of Dejure regime which will provide the
autonomy to the people towards self-determination as well as will bring them
under the system of collective efforts and accountability and will provide
ample opportunity to excel one’s abilities and skills. This will further block the provision of invasion
of the illicit economy invading the licit economy. Economic crimes and extortion in the name of
party funds or donation will shrink due to close vigilance of the fellow
members of the Guilds and Association.
Another factor
that strengthens the dejure system is
the family system, which is based nurturing the next generation through virtue
development with Love, Care and Compassion.
This bonding is more result oriented in keeping the society intact than
any Law, Economy or Power.
Inter-Cartel War
While
strengthening the dejure regime through
fortification of Guilds and Association, it is important to dismantle the
Cartel system of the illicit economy. To
weakening the network of mafias, a strategic approach, i.e. to pick and choose
the members of cartel system and use them towards the inter-cartel war that
will weaken the network of illicit economy.
Further the alienation of the population that earns their survival from
the illicit economy that becomes their human resources while confronting the Authorities.
Destroying the Monopoly in the Drug trade
Drugs are the
main tool to control the International Relations through conflicts and
terror. Moreover, this is the main
economy of the British imperialism which has a mass regular consumption world
wide which operates through cartel of pyramid and barter system. This again needs a systematic approach. Iran cartels[83]
have already created a parallel group that is challenging the British Monopoly
of the Drug Trade. Iranian cartels can
be used to challenge the economy of the Drugs, which is controlled in London . This will further weaken the other prospects
of crime, which is designed in London .
Further the
proficiency of the British imperialism in the sub-marines trade, which is now
into Drug war[84] can be
combated through Naval patrolling when the World Governance system takeover the
Sea Security through the Global Tax system.
Invading the Strategic approach
The strategic
approach of the crime world is to promote the instincts of lust, greed and
power. This is done through the deceptive
theory of freedom, liberalism and individualism, i.e. freedom to exploit,
liberal to evade norms and individualism to defy accountability. These
instincts are promoted with drugs, sex, betting, etc. and economies are
generated through extortion and corruption.
The strategic approaches of invading the instinct of generating the
illicit economy are the demarcation of the two regimes, i.e. licit and illicit
and there should be separation of regime as mainstream society and
para-community. This separation will compel
the expansion of the mainstream and the shrinking of para-communities and
further bring Peace and Prosperity in the society.
Alienating from the Political affiliation
Political
affiliation to the crime world and its governance policies to the mainstream is
the basic link of invasion of the racketeers to the mainstream society. The funds generates from the Crime is the
defacto tax enjoyed by the Political Group that further create policies that
support economy generation to the Political Group than the State Treasure. The Group not just consists of the Political
leaders, but the major roles played by the Political workers that co-ordinate
with the people and the Party and create a space for the illegal economies
meant for the Political fund. The
alienation of the licit economy from the Political affiliation can be done by
blocking the political workers to invade the Economic guilds and separation of
Politics and Economy since both have distinct role in the Governance system.
Political role is towards representation of people’s need and not control of
economy
Strengthening the Indigenous
economy
The global policies of Liberalization and Globalization have controlled
the resources, i.e. Natural and Human and the human skills are replaced by
technologies. This created a fabric of
technocrats of high potentials and alienated from the mass capabilities. These high-tech systems did create a huge
economy and a creed of expertise based on global standards, but it destroyed
the local economies based on human skills of local aspiration. The local skills and local economies need to
develop so that the human skills are able to sustain their survival based on
indigenous requirement.
Virtue Development Programme
School drop out is maximum in the nations especially developing and
under-developed nations is mainly for two reasons, i.e. economy crisis and they
do not relate to the foreign education system.
Education is based on skill development, awareness and moral elevation
which the present system is not able to create the environment. In the mass population of the rural and
tribal communities, the indigenous knowledge to which they relate should be
given so that their aspiration of knowledge and generation of economies are
simultaneously fulfilled. Blocking the
skill in tune of Child labours alienate the children to acquire the knowledge
of skills which they inherit through practical knowledge. While passing the age of 14 the children
should acquire general knowledge along with a stream of vocational knowledge
that will bind the youth to the economies and provide them opportunities
towards appropriate direction to excel than merely struggling for
existence. The fabrics of Organized
crimes are using the children to explore the crime world and they attain
expertise in the crime when they reach to adulthood. So, every vocation whether licit or illicit
needs skill development and adolescent age they are the best explorer. Licit economies are overlooking the potential
of adolescents who are getting captivated by the illicit economies.
Withdrawing the channels of
distribution of the illicit economy
Money laundering is the most vibrant issue that is controlling the game
of terror and internal conflicts crisis.
The global players of the money laundering are using the Banking system
to maintain the accounts of the illicit economies and its distribution. It is important to understand that the
currencies are not floating outside the nations and preserved within the sovereign
states, but controlled through Hawala racketeers. These Hawala racketeers only
protect the currencies as stalkers and deliver the amount through the local
channels. But the accounts of the
illicit economies are maintained in the Bank[85]
such as HSBC. HSBC[86]
is not only Britain ’s
biggest bank, but also British Crown’s private bank run by her licit and
illicit activities. The members of this
Bank, whether Business houses or individuals all over the World are the private
population of British Crown being facilitated by her economy and not from their
respective nations. This can be an
indicator that British Economy is run by the illicit economies of drugs and
terror and its further channels to its licit economy. Converting the local currencies into the
Global currencies provides an easy way to monitor the collection and
disbursement of the fund as they may deem fit.
The movement of the black money is done by the local and it is not
physically routed through cross borders.
Though channel of the distribution could be through various nations like
Mauritius or Dubai or Singapore, but these are only the account holders so that
Britain do not come under the scrutiny and can save its skin through deception
while investigation. So, money
laundering can only be dealt locally and destroy or de-link the channels of
cross border which are main virtual links.
Money laundering is local issues which are carried by the political
workers affiliated with the illicit economies though being instructed from London .
Donations to the Religious Institutions also play a significant role in
money laundering. Alienating the
donations from the State-regulation and its accountability makes an easy
channel towards money laundering. This
is clear evidence how the illicit economy has captured the Religious
Institutions and abusing the governance by faith of those section of society
that have alienated from the system of law and power.
Blocking the funding raising
system for the political process
The fund-raising system for the Political Parties should be re-evaluated. Generally the tax exemption of the donation
availed by the Political Parties are basically stealing the State
Treasure. These donations make a
parallel state and economy generation for the Political Parties and hence State
within State. Thus, the tax exemption on
the donations should be lifted and let the Party manage it’s political fabric
through its vision and action and not through Fund distribution. This will make Political Parties focused on
execution of duties and not Control of Power.
Separating Sports and
Entertainment
Sports develop a winning spirit and excellence in the field and a
consistency of efforts to achieve the goal along with physical and mental
fitness whereas entertainment provides recreation and emotional
contentment. Both are crucial for the
development of the society since sports curtail the instinct of War and
conflicts through healthy competition and Entertainment provides recreation
towards continuity of life. Both Sports
and Entertainment are the periphery of the mainstream society. Presently, sports and entertainment has
become an event and a platform of economy generation through betting and
sponsorship. Betting is illicit economy
and sponsorships are the spending from the mainstream economy. Betting has destroyed the essence of sports
and entertainment has taken a medium of promoting the instinct of crime through
drugs, sex and violence. Since sports
and entertainment is generating huge economy is an indicator that it is taking a
huge share of fund from the mainstream economy and human resources, which is
creating a crisis in sustaining the balance of economy and human resources.
Sports and Entertainment should distinct from each other and should be taken
out from the grips from the white color mafias.
Since Entertainment and Sports are generating huge economy, it should be
taxed and should be under the vigilance of the money laundering.
To sum-up, it needs a complete governance policies to tackle the illicit
economy, which is running a parallel state system under the shield of Political
Parties in the democratic system. The
stealing of State Treasure, which is meant for Security and Survival of the
Population, is becoming a tool of control of few handful people. This is eroding the State-system based on
sovereignty. To strengthen the dejure regime it is mandatory to bring
back the assets of the nation under the State Treasure through dismantling the
network of the Cartel Regime. Though it
is an intricate strategies approach, but it is workable. The societies only prosper through dejure mechanism since it provided
sustainable development and universal survival.
3.2 Strengthening the Dejure
Regime
The
deception in the Politics of Drugs, democracy plays a relevant role since it is
the involvement of people’s participation in the political process. As we have discussed in the previous section
how the political set-up organize the illicit economy, which is further
collected as Party Fund and further control the government to facilitate the
generation and the shield of illicit
economy through manipulating policies and in-competent governance. The dejure
Political system can be identified by community participation through guilds
and associations.
Limitation of the Party System
Political
Feudalism is a fabric that creates a parallel state within the Statehood.
Various parties whether two party systems or multi-party system do alienate
themselves from the rest of the population. The polity of these fabrics are
mainly from interests group whether identity or ideological. Since interests vary, so it generates new
fabric.
In a democracy,
the People’s Representation is based through either Political Parties or
independent. Both are constitutionally
viable. In any Fabric, which is based on Interest / Identity / Ideology, only
have a limited approach. To maintain its
fabric one needs a huge fund towards promoting, professing and sustaining it’s
political fabric. These need a complete
bureaucracy to maintain the Interest / Identity and Ideology of the respective
fabric. The source of fund to maintain
these fabrics are donations since they have no resource generation due to its
political affiliation.
The huge
expenses towards its overhead and sustainability motivate Political Corruption,
which is either through direct misappropriation or through falsification of
State Policy towards the respective Interest / Identity / Ideology. These expenses are borne by donation as Party
fund, which is generated through illicit economy or captivating the National
Resources whether Natural or Human and hence political feudalism sustain on
Organized Crime or through tax evasion process.
The illicit
economy further facilitates the war of Ideologies in tune of Internal Conflicts
and disputes and also the regional conflicts.
These conflicts play a significant role in manipulating the policies or
diversifying the attentions of the masses to cover the deceptive policies to
facilitate the Political interest.
The Migration in
the core nations such as Europe and US have
created a regime of Diaspora communities which further facilitates the
aggression and interventions in the indigenous system which becomes tool to
control the politics of the respective States.
The biggest
drawback of the Political Feudalism, it divides the Parliament towards Ruling
(Government) and Opposition. This makes
them into a competitive or rivalry than complementary, hence Parliament is
divided. This division is based on the
Conflict theory than accountability and vigilance.
Another aspect
of Political feudalism is invasion is every sector of the economy through Party
Workers bring the Economy under the defacto
regime. The misappropriation through tax
evasion, counterfeit products and contaminating environment along with misuse
of national resources and labour exploitation is done under the shield of
protection of Political affiliation.
These also deprive the healthy competition in the economy sector and
share of market and resources remain in few hands of those who facilitate the
illegal activities. In case, if the
party system is not abolished, then there should be adequate provision towards
the accountability of the donations and the Party Workers should be a sole
employee of the Party and not to be adjusted by any of the Private
organization, i.e. the Party workers should be alienated from the Economy.
The basic reason
of the Unity though diversities, is the survival of the Fabric system, through
misappropriation direct or indirect method.
To protect their own skin, they paralyze the Vigilance and Arbitration /
Legal system and replace their own people in the decisive placement who can
shield their misdoings through incompetence in the system. In the wake of weak vigilance and arbitration
system, the feudal wars occur either through physical violence or structural
violence through protests and counter protests.
Further it is
easy to control the policy and the placement of the executives by the overseas
strategists through the Party command.
This is generally done through facilitation by various means. This makes the Political system controlled by
those who are controlling the World Economy.
3.3 Towards Dejure State-System
In a democratic
set-up inherited by Colonial Legacy, the Constitution has provided checks and
balances to counter the hegemony and decontrol the power towards Universal
Governance and has a mixed flair of Law and the People. Legislation is an important aspect in the
Governance system which represents the aspiration and requirement of the People
whereas Judiciary governs the aspiration against distraction. (Macro-Micro Theory)
Legislation
under dejure system should be based
on independent representation without any Political fabric since we have
already witnessed how the Political fabric is abusing the State treasures
through illicit economy and becoming a parallel State within the
State-system. The representation should
be on the basis of liaison for the province and to work as a coordinator
between Government (Executive) and Community.
Parliament
contains representation from every corner of the country through its province
and the policies and legislation made in Parliament is collective efforts
towards the well-being of the Nation universally.
The Parliament
system based on Majority vs. Minority where Majority rules and Minority opposes
the ruling divide the philosophy of Representation when Parliament is an
Institution of Representative of Provinces of the Nation. It is not identified how the majority in the
Parliament is acquired through in the Multi-party system whether through
appeasement, facilitation or conveniences which further compromise the
Interests of the Nation. Opposition
towards the Government becomes mandatory as the Role in the Parliament or a
visibility to the nation or towards the aspiration towards the electoral
process.
Parliament is a
Collective effort, which works towards the aspiration and requirement of population
of the country towards well-being, i.e. Survival and Security. When the representation will be based on
independent candidate, then there will be no opposition or ruling
difference. The opposition or support
will be based on Issues and Policy and not ideology / identity / interest,
since what is common amongst all is Survival and Security, which has no ideology
/ identity or interest affiliation. This
will further evade huge expenses towards maintaining the Party system which
requires enormous funds, which is earned through illicit means and a donation
which further steals State Treasure.
The best skill
and ability will lead the departments and ministries floating in the parliament
who will have no liability to fetch the interest of Political fabric. This will evade corruption in the
Legislation. Generally happens the
selection of the ministerial heads are availed from the available human resources
of the ruling party, whereas in the absence of ruling and opposition in the
parliament system, the best will get the placement in the governance system
without any facilitations to the Party interest.
In the absence
of the Fabric constraints, the Leadership will bloom and flourish towards the
great creativity and ability to implement since the survival of the Leadership
will be based on performance and not according to the Party Control.
Since there will
be absolute disintegration of the political fabric, the political
representation will be based on the performance of the individual candidate and
not based on muscle and money. This will
further correct the electoral process.
The development of the constituency will be done by the fund allocated
to each elected representative. This
will be audited and accounted. The Head
of the Legislation, i.e. Prime Minister either will have a directly elected or
within the Legislative members. The
ministries will be based on either by the Committee or individual best capable
amongst the Legislative members.
The independent
representative in the Legislation will have firm foreign policy based on the
interest of the country instead of based on the ideology/ interest of the
feudal or the victim of Polar system or the British IR strategy. Since the representative will be independent,
so they will not be able to get into malpractice and misappropriation since
lone person is always alert. This will
check the corruption in the Legislation and alienate Legislation from feudal
mafia.
Governance will
be based on Institutions and through guilds and association. This will further establish a strong
vigilance and arbitration / legal system.
This will bring
a participatory democracy since the role of vigilance and support, which is
presently played by opposition, will be executed by the Polity. This will make Governance a Team work with
Team spirit.
To make the
Polity accountable towards good governance, voting should be mandatory towards
retaining of Political rights. This will
make a complete participation in the electoral process.
Interestingly,
in the absence of the Political fabric, it will be difficult for the overseas
strategists to influence National Policy and Foreign Policy. Besides this there will be no compulsion to
compromise with the corrupt alliance and compromising the National Interest and
hence there will not be any drain of wealth to overseas banks in the foreign
land.
The best thing
in this system is that, it is within the Constitutional framework of the
Democratic system and does not need any amendment to replace Political
Feudalism to Dejure Governance.
3.4 Rule Of Law
“For the United Nations, the rule of law refers to
a principle of governance in which all persons, institutions and entities,
public and private, including the State itself, are accountable to laws that
are publicly promulgated, equally enforced and independently adjudicated, and
which are consistent with international human rights norms and standards. It requires, as well, measures to ensure
adherence to the principles of supremacy of law, equality before the law,
accountability to the law, fairness in the application of the law, separation
of powers, participation in the decision-making, legal certainty, avoidance of
arbitrariness and procedural and legal transparency.” [(S/2004/616), Report of
the Secretary-General on the Rule of Law and Transitional Justice in Conflict
and Post-Conflict Societies]
As described
above principle by the United Nations, Rule of Law sounds quite convincing when
it related to the principles of the governance. In fact, Democracy functions
under the Rule of Law, but it is important to understand whether The Laws that
will be tools to Rule have the universal acceptability or it would be Dictatorship
of Law based on Western understanding? What is the process of making Laws? We
have International Laws, but all are biased and one-sided. In that case, what
should be the base of making Laws, whether it is Growth or Human Development?
How one can differentiate between Laws, Policies and Strategies?
The basic concept
for the UN Charter is based on guiding principles and not Laws. The Guiding
Principles are always based on Values and quite broader in terms, whereas Laws
are the governing tool. African Human Charter is based on Duties, which leads
to family bonding, whereas Western Human Charters are based on Rights, i.e.
Claim which further shattered the family system.
In most part of the World whether African or Islamic or Indian or Chinese civilisation there is a family system and based on family bonding, where individualism place secondary role when it comes for the family or community or national interest, which is distinct from the Western understanding. When the Values differs how the uniformity of Laws can be based on one region's understanding?
Globalization has destroyed the sovereignty of Nations, which is against the existence UN based on the recognition of Sovereignty of Nations, but still Globalization is erodes the borders. This shows the present system of United Nations is not workable. It is important to evaluate those reasons that limit the non-functional of the purpose of formation of Comity of Nation, UN.
There is a need of clear understanding of the requirement of the Nations, i.e. protecting the Sovereignty of the nation and Trading should be based on Ethics, i.e. surplus and requirement or mutual understanding. Disputes should be resolved through Arbitration Mechanisms or International Justice System. There should be respect and recognition to others' culture and belief and should restrain for any kind of invasion to the Culture through hate techniques or through conversion.
The Membership of the Nations should be based on Tax and not through donations since Tax provides dignity to the World Governance System and Donations make a Charity and subjugate the essence of World Association.
International Laws and Transnational Crime
The formation of International Laws has
the basic prerequisites, i.e. Universal acceptability. This Universal acceptability can only be
accommodated when there is a World Forum where the sovereign nations are
treated equally. But in the contrary,
the United Nations was formed after the WWII and a platform given for all the
member nations to represent themselves and the key control on this forum
remained in the hand of winners of the World War II, i.e. Veto Power in the
Security Council. Moreover, the
placement of Commonwealth Nations, which was a British colonies remained in the
status of the dominion under the British Monarchy which was against the ethics
and principles of the United Nations.
The existence of the Commonwealth Nations is a parallel system of United
Nations which intersects and invades their spectrum. When there are two
parallel systems in the International Relations, i.e. Commonwealth Nations and
United Nations, then the International Laws should be based on Universal
acceptability.
The Transnational crime, which is the
biggest challenge in the World System is due to two parallel system and all the
International Laws, Policies and Strategies to accommodate these Organized
Crimes in tune of Liberalization and Globalization.
Commonwealth Nations are rich in resources
whether Natural or Human and the global policies towards Structural Adjustment
Programme and Globalization have facilitated the Economy of the British
Monarchy, the owner of the Commonwealth Nations through International Financial
Institutions. The economies as British
Monarchy and it’s International Relations have been authenticated by the
Policies and Laws of United Nations, which is run by the Donations of the
Western Powers.
These Parallel systems of International
relations not only create a chaos and confusion in the World Order, but also
create multi-dimensions in the National Governance system in tune of Political as well as Economical Control. This further divides the nation in tune of
universal values of United Nations, IR Strategies of Commonwealth Nation and
the National and Local aspiration and requirement which creates conflicts of
interests.
Human Rights vs. Human Duties
The UN Charter of Human Rights is based on
Claims and individualistic in nature, whereas African Charter is based on Human
Duties which qualifies the family system.
The individualism versus family system is distinct in itself. Individualism makes a person a single unit
whereas; in family system it binds the individualism into a family of three
generations. Family system is based on
emotions and moral values, which is governed by the cultural norms. Cultural norms create a social administration
which further makes the community a self-help group, which is based on
accountability. This provides the
society a natural security of three generations, i.e. Old, Adults and
Children. Old and Children are dependent
to the generations of Adults and it becomes important to make the Adults
responsible for the two precede and successor generations looked after, i.e.
security and survival so that the peace in the society sustains and there is a
continuity in the generation and it’s upbringing. Whereas, in the society based on
Individualism, such bonding eclipse, these results to a shattered society based
on selfish interest and lack of social bonding and a huge fabric of orphans and
neglected old folks. These further
overburden the State towards Child care and Old Age home and cost huge expenses
in the State Treasure or through International donations. The institutionalizing the family system
further makes bankrupts of the emotions which further escalate the destitution
through crimes and abuses through toxic of drugs and unregistered sex.
Hence, individualism though it provide
freedom at a thinner aspects as a claim, but it seized the rights of life with
dignity and security since, human society is interdependent and not isolated or
alienated from the fellow beings. So,
Values and Principles, which is the directives for the Human Charter of United
Nations, should be viewed within the spectrum of the cultural values of the
nations of the World.
Uniform Laws versus Personal Laws
Laws generate from the communities which are based
on cultures. Culture is the micro
governance system, which are accepted by the community either they are born
with or out of preference. In any
multicultural nations like India
Industrialization created an inflow of
rural population to urban population and destroyed the joint family system and
self-sufficient economy. This paved the
way towards nuclear family. Further the
Liberalization and Globalization destroyed the family system and created
Institutions of Identities and gender disparity. This further destroyed the social governance
system resulted to all the illicit activities in the absence of community
bonding and social sensitivity towards other fellow beings.
National Laws
President Paul
Kagame of Rwanda
cautioned that principles such as universal jurisdiction were being used
selectively as political tools to control and dominate. In Rwanda ’s
post-genocide experience, it had sought to balance punitive measures with
restorative alternatives, a home-grown solution that had served it better than
any other system could. It was applicable to the international arena, he
said, emphasizing that double standards at the global level must end.
(GA/11290, UN)[87]
Universal jurisdiction is only limited to
arbitration mechanism and criminal justice system in case of Transnational
Crimes or economic crimes. These also
equip the Jurisdiction to protect the sovereign of the nations. Universal Jurisdiction does not comply with policies
making or towards the facilitation of the First World
economic aspiration.
The invasion to the indigenous governance
was a colonial legacy which was an economic aspiration rather than a political
aspiration. The drain of wealth to their
home nations was an indicator that the imperialistic powers were not inclined
towards well-being of the inhabitants rather they took as human resources
towards the Economic policies or International Relations. This is the reason organized crime of human
trafficking was paved during the colonial era.
The International Strategies of the
imperialistic master continued through Institutionalization in tune of
Universal Jurisdiction without accountability to the World populations. Genocides and Human Rights’ violations are
the key tool to invade the sovereign of nations and blackmailing the local
authorities to surrender their resources.
Destroying the national culture and social governance system through
media and research institutions that play significant role to facilitate the
strategies of International Relations of the imperialistic powers has further
invaded the National Laws based on cultural values that have universal
acceptability of the particular nation.
A policy of divide and rule, which is a legacy of British imperialism,
has divided the world in tune of Ideology, Identity, Gender disparity and
individualism against Community. The
conflict of Minority against Majority is further controlling the National
policies, which is making the majority of the population in the hands of
minority of population.
Hence, it is important for the National
Laws to re-evaluate their Laws which goes with the aspiration of their
community acceptability that guarantee universal survival based on provision
and protection. The indigenous economy
based on available resources and virtues are the key elements towards
that. The import either Human Resources
or commodities should be based on need and surplus without compromising the
indigenous development process. The
approach of the governance should be based on Human Development and not limit
to the Growth Index.
Cultural Laws and social
administration
In recent years Bolivia has adopted a new constitutional
framework which recognizes Bolivia Latin America , the
2009 Constitution incorporated international human rights standards into
domestic legislation by adopting principles from the UN Declaration on the
Rights of Indigenous Peoples as well as ILO Convention No.169 on Indigenous and
Tribal Peoples.[ii][88]
The sovereign of the Tribal system is as
crucial as Sovereign of State under the Universal Jurisdiction. The UN Declaration on the Rights of
Indigenous people does not limit to the cultural rights, but also provided the
rights towards its heritage of traditional economy. Tribal communities are separate from the
rural or urban communities since they are attached with the biodiversity and
not with the mainstream economy of rural or urban. The traditional knowledge and the
self-sufficient economy is the root of the survival of the tribal population,
which is destroyed by the imperialistic power through patenting the traditional
knowledge and controlling the bio-diversities towards the global economy. Further the tribal populations are migrated
through illegal trafficking towards forced labour and sexual slavery. They are also used as population of army
towards indigenous conflict for them even without knowing the cause of the
conflicts. The opium cultivations are
done in the tribal area and the tribal populations raise arms against the State
operation and become the tools of Drugs Mafia and trafficking. These are further protected by various
ideologies whether Maoist or Naxal and various activists in the name of protecting
the rights of Indigenous communities, they protect the violence that facilitate
the economy of drugs.
The rehabilitation process of the tribal
population have alienated from the traditional occupancies and equipped with
the economy of drugs should be done through multi-later approach. The study of ethnology is the first step
towards the rehabilitation process.
Every tribal has its own culture and every culture is based on it’s
indigenous economy. Towards the
self-equipped to the tribal population, it is important to identify what is
that indigenous economy that the particular tribal is equipped with and then to
promote that economy and to create a space in the mainstream economy so that
they continue to survival and prosper.
This will create a strong fabric of economy and culture strengthening
that will check the population from diverting to the violence and trafficking.
The protection of the traditional
knowledge is the basic right of the tribal population which should remain and
retained for them to develop and transfer it to their succeeding
generations. Traditional knowledge is
sufficiently equipped for them to protect their health concerns, which is the
first basic need towards the Human Development Index according to International
Standard of UN.
In the concluding note, it is important to
understand the whether the Laws that is the tool of Rule is based on universal
acceptability or it is merely as imposed Law on the Western thinking and hence
become a tool to rule under the doctrine with is a foreign system. Since the world is heterogeneous culture so,
the cultural rights are important than mere individual choice and freedom.
Human Right includes Cultural Right and Culture cannot be alienated from human
freedom and the culture also includes indigenous economy.
3.5
Doctrine of 20 points towards World Governance
The doctrine of
20 points is the guiding principles for the World Governance. These guiding principles can be placed as
Fundamental Rights for the Sovereign States that will further provide Rights to
its population. These guiding principles
are based on Governance for Universal survival and not limiting to a value
orientation towards choice and preference.
1. World
Governance will make world politics clean and create a confidence to combat
subjugation, exploitation and fear.
2. World
Governance will make the Sovereign
State
3. World
Governance will provide cultural rights and prevent from Cultural War within
the sovereign state and amongst sovereign nations.
4. World
Governance will regulate the market through arbitration mechanism to facilitate
the market by designing the need, choice and surplus produce than capturing the
market by imposing its produce and manipulation for extracting resources.
5. World
Governance mechanism will check organized crime that will compel the sovereign
nation to create appropriate mechanism towards resources generation and
facilitation to its people.
6. State rights
from the International system to protect its sovereignty and arbitration
mechanism in case of International relations for Political, economical,
cultural and environment issues.
7. State Rights
is also called for the protection of the Diaspora community in the sovereign
states to protect their life, property and culture.
8. State Rights is also claimed from the protection of property and life from the organized crimes such as Pirates, Mafia and Terror.
9. State Sovereignty means self-decisive towards border security, internal security, economy planning and implementation and above all cultural rights. These also include independence in foreign relations and policies.
11. Every
sovereign State should have right to design its Economy system based on the
need and available resources. World economy should not be a compulsion to
design the domestic economy.
12. The domestic
economy can be independent from the State Policy or within the State policy
will be the discretionary measure of sovereign States.
13. International Trade should be based on mutual interest and it can be based on regional federation or the World Market and it should not be based on compulsion based on comparative trade.
14. International Institution will have four major roles, i.e. Co-ordination, vigilance, arbitration and implementation.
15. Human Rights authenticate universal survival. Though it is the State responsibility to protect the interest of its population, but in case there is failure, the regime is then the responsibility of the International Institution and it should make sure that no population is under the threat of physical and structural violence.
16. Religion bind the society through its culture and tradition, but the International system should make sure that there is no Cultural invasion and Cultural War and make the State accountable to it whether for local system or in International Community.
17. Since the
majority of the Nation State is becoming Multicultural societies, so it is the
responsibility of the World Institution to make sure that the Cultural rights are
protected by the Nation States and also the Cultural bodies should be
accountable to the Nation States in case there is any misuse of Cultural Rights
that may threat security and peace of the Nation.
18. Migration is the major concern in the present system. So, the International Bodies should create an environment that may check the unnecessary drain of resources or migration and also Human Trafficking.
19. World Governance mechanism is to make sure that the States with limited means and resources are been looked after so that they do not become threat to the peace of the other states.
20. World Governance Mechanism should create an appropriate system that can check the Organized Crimes and combat it by coordinating with the Nation-States.
The purpose of
these guiding principles is to make sure that the populations of the sovereign
Nations do get Political, Social, Cultural and Economic rights based on their
available resources and virtues. These
also enable the population of the Diaspora communities to get their rights
within the framework of the Global Laws universally accepted. In the conclusive state, the population of
the World is crucial and the State system is responsible towards its provision
and protection with their own governance mechanism.
3.6 Global Tax System
United Nations is a collective effort of the
Comity of Nations for creating a peaceful environment in the World Order and to
have collective efforts towards the issues that relate to the Human
Development. This is an Association of
Nations which has gradually accommodated all the Nations in due course of time
after the World War II. The Association
is funded by the donations which are attained through the Developed countries
and hence it becomes an association towards facilitation than a governance
system. Thus, the decision making
process is controlled by those who are the fund- raisers whether the sovereign
nations or the International Non-Government Organizations that play decisive roles in the execution of the
resolutions taken by the bodies of United Nations. Hence, the policies made by United Nations
whether related to security, economy, environment and culture or the Criminal
Justice system or Civil disputes remains in the hand of powerful lobbies.
The Relevance of Tax
System in World Governance Mechanism
The first and prime relevance of the Tax-system in
the World Governance Mechanism that it provides a sense of equality amongst the
nations and its direct participation of the nations towards the governance and
automatically make them the Law Abiders based on the World System. This makes the World Association Dejure, i.e.
a regime of Law abiders.
Further the tax systems provide uniform platforms
which make all the nations an equal treatment.
For example, the non-proliferation of the nuclear weapon or any
destructing weapons. This World system
based on tax will automatically bring all the nation under the same umbrella
and all the treaties will make all the nations abiding by them. It will restrict the sense of insecurity and
the efforts of the nations will be made towards constructive than destructive.
Protecting the sovereign
of nations
Sovereign indicates the security of the border of
any country along with the sovereign towards economic process and foreign
relations. Global tax system provides
adequate measure to protect its sovereignty.
This does not work like European Union where foreign relations are
surrendered and have a uniform economic process and NATO is responsible for the
defense process. In the Global tax
system, all the nations will have its own defense mechanism, which will protect
their individualism amongst the comity of nations. Surrendering the defense mechanism is an
indicator surrendering the sovereignty.
Since the disputes will be taken care of the
arbitration mechanism, but still the peace process under the Global Tax system
will be born by the World Governance system.
For example, the expenses of the Peacekeeping Force will be reimbursed
by the World Treasure.
Protecting the population
from trafficking towards forced labour and sexual slavery
When the sovereign of the nations are protected
through the recognition in the World Governance system and each nation are
treated equal due to tax system, then the concept of core, semi-periphery and
periphery relations seize and every nation is independent towards the resources
management whether natural or human. In
such case, trafficking of population restricted and any flow of population will
be based on the discretion of the State and not through smuggling.
Protecting transnational
crime
Transnational crimes are mainly done through
coastal lands and sea routes. Toll tax
system will be accountable to these smuggling either drugs, human, counterfeit
products and piracy, etc. The resources
that generate from the toll tax will further help in naval patrolling and hence
that will challenge the smooth sailing of illicit transactions.
Protection to Cultural
affiliation
Due to globalization there has been an extensive
movement all over the world and transforming the homogeneous nations to
heterogeneous nations. This compels the
cultural protection of the multi-cultural societies. Since the World Governance mechanism based on
the tax system that makes all the nations equal, will be responsible for the
cultural protection even when they are minority in population as Fundamental
Rights. Subsequently, the cultural
affiliations will be responsible that none of its rights are becoming at
security threat in the society (Ref. Burqua ban in France
International Tribunals towards Disputes resolutions
The placement in the International
Tribunals will have the best of the professionals with integrity and excellence
the services since it will not be biased and occupied by the First
World or the lobby system since all the nations will have equal
voice due to tax system. This will
further bring the excellence in the domestic governance since there will be a
scope of professional in the domestic set-up towards reaching at the global
platform. This will raise a competitive
and corrective in the execution of the responsibilities.
Another factor that may lower the graph of
disputes of lands and borders that the tax of the disputed lands will be paid
by Parties involved in this. This may
reduce the false claim on the region and also it will reduce the IR strategy
through border disputes by the Imperialistic powers.
Protecting the indigenous
economy and natural resources
The sovereignty of the nations includes the
sovereignty of the resources and policy making process. Liberalization and Globalization have
compelled the under-developed nations with tribal populations surrender their
resources in the private hand through falsification of policies and/or
ineffective and inefficiency of the domestic governance. When the resources of the nations are
captivated in the hands of private players, then the State remained empty
treasure and deprived population.
Natural Resources are always State property, i.e. the property of the
population and this cannot be seized through falsification of Global Policies
such as SAP and suspension of subsidiaries.
Appropriate mechanism
towards Water resources distribution
The regional crisis arise due to water
distribution as geographical limitation and domestic compulsion, the
jurisdiction can provide a solution towards that against the Tribunal fee. This will further ease those regional
relations which have resource issues and also reduce hegemony in the region
through exercise of military power.
Global Monetary system
There should be a provision when there should be a
registered denomination towards the global trade and it should not be in tune
with any regional currency. This will
check the global hegemony and the trade can be based on the merits of the goods
and services and not the currency values.
Global Monetary system under the Global tax will check the money
laundering which the World is facing through HSBC or other similar banks.
Distribution of the Tax
system
Global tax pattern is different from the national
Tax pattern, which is based on direct and indirect tax. In the global system, tax protects the
sovereign status and brings equality amongst the Nations. It does not
distinguish amongst Developed, Developing or Underdeveloped Nations. Tax is an indicator through Area and its population
and not according to its GDP. The theory
of Developed, Developing and Under-developed is the spectrum of Economy and not
the Political Science.
The theory of Poor nations or Underdeveloped
Nations, it is an outcome of Colonial legacy and after the Cold War it is
replaced by the theory of Core, Semi-periphery and Periphery nations. If it is properly evaluated, the most
underdeveloped nations are those who have good stock of Natural Resources and
the Tribal population. They remained
under-developed because they do not relate to Western Economic process. Whereas
those who are developed nations have inadequate physical resources, but they are
technologically equipped and have know-how towards the resources utilization. Developing Nations are equipped with
resources as well as human virtues. So,
these capacities make them equals amongst the nations.
In tune of protecting the rights of
under-developed nations, the World Governance mechanism can provide the
subsidiary or support to the underdeveloped Nation towards upgrading the Human
capabilities, such as Starvation, Health, Education and Security, etc. since
these will be subsidiary, so it will be variable in nature, i.e. according to
the need and the situation. So, a nation,
which is underdeveloped now and have become developing, such subsidiary will be
withdrawn.
If we have Tax system based on Equality amongst
the Sovereign Nations, there will be no exploitation of the under-developed
nations since the Nations will be alert and accountable to the World Governance
Mechanism. This will further protect
their resources.
There will be many other ways for the tax
generation and especially naval toll tax system. This will bring huge earning resources that
will further benefit the licit economy all over. Tax is an intricate topic and
this may be properly designed by the Team of Experts.
3.7 Conclusion
The Politics of
Drugs is an intricate topic and an effort to explain the basic issues and the
strategies along with solution. Though
the highlighted issues, strategies and solutions are not a complete note, but
still the major aspects are included in this.
To combat the organized crime is a strategic approach and a
multi-discipline subject. It cannot be
isolate as Criminology or International Relations, but it needs all the aspects
of Political Science, i.e. from Administration, Policies, Research, Traditional
Knowledge, Anthropology, ethnology, Economy, sociology, etc. collective. Crime is not just rise from poverty, but also
from the policies which need to be evaluated and corrected.
Crimes generate
Wealth, but destroy the society and block the path of Prosperity. The rise of crime whether local, national or
transnational, it is always a threat for the Development. The menace of Transnational or Organized
Crime can only be checked through World Governance system based on Tax.
No Crime can be
combated unless there is a rehabilitation mechanism. Rehabilitation mechanism includes
reformation, skill development, earning opportunities and most importantly
social acceptance and absorption.
Alienation from the society cannot rehabilitate the reformed
population. Hence, Laws are not
sufficient, but the implementation mechanism and the rehabilitation process are
also crucial towards combating organized crimes.
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[2] ibid
[3] ibid
[4] Bonner,
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The New Cocaine Cowboys.
[5] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_Wars
[6] Nepal
‘fast becoming a hub of drug trafficking’, Gulf
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[7] Sanjib Kr. Baruah, March 04, 2012 http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/India-s-illicit-opium-farms-six-times-bigger-than-estimated/Article1-820798.aspx
[8] Jim Yardley, April 18, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/19/world/asia/drug-addiction-is-a-growing-problem-in-punjab.html?pagewanted=all
[9] Flavia Krause-Jackson, May 1, 2012, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-04-30/myanmar-s-opium-growers-struggle-to-get-by-with-potatoes.html
[10] Liz Gooch, 28 March, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/29/world/asia/malaysian-mosque-is-also-methadone-clinic.html?_r=1
[11]
Interpol, International Heroin Scene, 1995-1996, pp. 39-40.
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[14] The
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[15] K.N.
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[16] Lim, Lean (1998). The
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[17] Jalees
Andrabi , Beggar mafia thrives on lost
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[18]
Varinder Bhatia, Haryana Govt moved
sexually abused HIV+ girls from Anpa Ghar, http://m.indianexpress.com/news/haryana-govt-moved-six-sexually-abused-hiv-girls-from-apna-ghar/963585/
[19] A
Survey on Non Profit Institutions in India - Some Findings, Central Statistical
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[20] Europe for sexual exploitation lies in the role of women
in the management of the whole process.
UNICRI, Trafficking of Nigerian Girls to Italy (Turin
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[21]
Editorial, The Declaration of Istanbul
[22] Taipei
Recommendations, Jan 2007, Asian Task
Force on Organ Trafficking http://www.law.ntu.edu.tw/center/wto/project/UserFiles/File/RECOMMENDATIONS%20ON%20THE%20PROHIBITION,%20PREVENTION%20AND%20ELIMINATION%20OF%20ORGAN%20TRAFFICKING%20IN%20ASIA/Recommendations(%D7%A7).pdf
[23] The
Human Trafficking Project, http://www.traffickingproject.org/2008/02/organ-trafficking-exposed-in-india.html
[24] Organ Transplant – the gap between demand
and supply, http://www.economist.com/node/12380981
[25] Ibdi
[26] Sandeep
Joshi, Naxalites recruiting children – UN
report, The Hindu, http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3551560.ece
[27] Jens
Christopher Andvig and Scott Gates 2007, Recruiting
Children for Armed Conflict, http://www.epseu.org/News/Contribution_Andvig_Gates.pdf
[28] Ibid
[29] Keith J
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Against Human Trafficking: The Role of Security Sector, Vienna
and Geneva ,
September 2009
[30] Corina Csáky, No One to Turn to: The Under-Reporting
of Child Sexual Exploitation and Abuse by Aid
Workers and
Peacekeepers (London
[31] http://ibnlive.in.com/news/why-the-parliamentary-panel-rejected-the-uid-bill/211597-3.html
[32] Sudhi
Ranjan Sen, November 26, 2011, NDTV, http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/chidambaram-raises-concerns-about-uid-say-sources-153081
[34] Ibid
[35]
Democracy and mob rule, November 30, 2011, Indian
Liberals, http://www.indianliberals.org/2011/11/democracy-and-mob-rule/
[36] The
Canton System of Trade, http://www.thepeacefulsea.com/canton-system.html
[37] ibid
[38] ibid
[39] ibid
[40] ibid
[41] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_advantage
[42] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_Wars
[43] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_revolt
[44] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_adjustment
[45] A Special Economic Zone (SEZ)
is a geographical region that has economic and other laws that are more
free-market-oriented than a country's typical or national laws.
"Nationwide" laws may be suspended inside a special economic zone. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_economic_zone
[46] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade_zone
[47] Advantage
Kandla SEZ,www.kasez.com
[48]
Jean.L.Pyle, Sex, Maids, and Export
Processing : Risks and Reasons for Gendered Global Production Networks,
International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society, Vol 15, No.1, September
2001
[49] Sanjay
Yadav, Gurgaon is new hub of Criminals
from other states, Times of India ,
April 12,2012 http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-16/gurgaon/31349363_1_gurgaon-kherki-dhaula-notorious-criminals
[50]
Jean.L.Pyle, Sex, Maids, and Export
Processing : Risks and Reasons for Gendered Global Production Networks,
International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society, Vol 15, No.1, September
2001
[51] Sanjay
Trivedi, School-college Bandh call by
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[52] Gurgaon
: International women trafficking racket busted, http://criminalrecordsindia.com/2011/11/16/gurgaon-international-women-trafficking-racket-busted/
[53]
Ahmedabad : Seven notorious gang members held, January 6, 2012, http://criminalrecordsindia.com/?s=crimes++in+gujarat
[54] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhopal_disaster
[55] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World-systems_theory
[56] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-periphery_countries
[57] Paul Halsall Modern History Sourcebook: Summary of Wallerstein on World System Theory,
August 1997
[58] ibid
[59] http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/datablog/2011/dec/09/data-journalism-reading-riots#zoomed-picture
[60]
The new route of human smuggling misery,
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[61] Denis Campbell and Nicola
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[62] Hannah
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[66] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Bombay_bombings
[67] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Company
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[72] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2G_spectrum_scam
[73] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals
[74] http://www.498a.org/contents/Publicity/498aReport/index.htm
[75] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kargil_War
[76] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Airlines_Flight_814
[77] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Indian_Parliament_attack
[78] http://baseswiki.org/en/Tata_Nano_Singur_Controversy
[79]
Organised Crime in the UK
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[81] ibid
[82]
Sharmila Bose, Universal Survival
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[83] King
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[85] http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/9665741/HSBC-investigation-Drug-dealers-gun-runners-and-Britains-biggest-bank.html
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