MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL
- A POLITICAL UNDERSTANDING
The Millennium Goals set by United Nations Development Programme, an outlet of United Nations as a concern towards up-gradation of the neglected community world over is really an approach which needs appreciation.
The laxity in developing Human Capability, i.e. Hunger, Health and Education due to mismanagement and / or inadequacies in understanding the political system made a grand deterioration in Human Development.
This further elevated to Poverty and Diseases. Poverty and Diseases raised to uncalled for Deaths whether child mortality or maternal death. This is generally due to ignorance of appropriate livelihood.
But the concern is what made these inadequacies towards Human Development. Is it lacks of resources and misappropriation of resources due to scholarship failure or it is a mere victim of Imperialism and Global Policy? UNDP is an Agency of United Nation, however, it is important to address that the authenticity and the backbone of United Nations itself. Is it a governing body or just a forum concerned towards Human Crisis?
There is a need for evaluation about relationship with the State, which is sovereign in nature and its accountability to UNDP towards Human Development and eradicating poverty, hunger and health issues.
The above issues are within the framework of Political Studies and governance system. Unless one is clear about it, it will be difficult to approach the causes of crisis of Human Development. Human Society, which is divided in the provinces towards better governance, is the main cause of Statehood. The world is equipped with diversified cultures and ethnicity so its treatment of governance has to be according to the virtue of the Land.
The sovereignty of the Statehood is similar to the sovereignty of Human individuals. Both are responsible towards Human Development, i.e. self for Individual and Polity for the Statehood.
The sovereignty of Land that makes statehood has a significant role towards Human Development of its Polity. The Polity submits its sovereign to the Statehood as General Will and the State in response guarantee the Security, i.e. Internal and Cross-border and appropriate environment towards Survival to its Polity. Towards this Polity pays Tax/Tribute to the Statehood as a recognition and submission.
Another important aspect is the layer system towards achieving the target emphasized in the millennium goals by UNDP. There are four layers of operations:
1. United Nations for Development Programme towards initiative to eradicate the Human Development crisis
2. International Non-Government Organization towards fund rising, programme designing and co-ordination.
3. Non-Government Organization towards implementation of programme
4. The recipients of the Programme or beneficiaries.
Now, we need to understand, what these ‘four layers’ system are meant for. Is it an authorized system towards World Governance or a mere invasion to the sovereign State or a parallel governance system? The main role of this ‘four layers’ system is Fund raising system and its relevance in Human Development, which is mainly invisible on the face of it.
Before the evaluation is taken separately towards each millennium goals for Human Development there is a need to evaluate the causes for these concerns and how these Millennium Goals can be achieved in real form.
This analysis will be based on Political Understanding and its relevance to the Governance system.
Chapter 1
Goal 1 : Eradicate Extreme Poverty and extreme Hunger
Poverty is multi-dimensions issue. Poverty cannot be defined merely with hunger. Hunger is an extreme end of Poverty. If the issue of Poverty can be dealt with then the crisis of hunger will automatically be taken care.
Poverty arises mainly for two reasons,
a. Lack of Environment of Survival
b. Lack of Virtues / Skill
Poverty can be understood through Economy process evolved after Industrialization. Prior to the Industrialization, the world was surviving with its self-sufficient indigenous economy and the trade was based on Surplus available.
The post-industrialization turned a self-sufficiency economy to a mass production economy. Mass production made trading turned into Market. Earlier trading was based on the need of the Land and its availability, but the Mass Production economy created market towards facilitation of Industrial need, i.e. raw material and sale of produce.
The approach towards economy from that era changed in absolutely diverse form. New scientific process started along with technological advancement. These advancements were distinct and not naturally grown. It was a creation through exploration and inventions.
During this era, the Technology replaced the Human Virtues. It was necessary to sustain the innovation towards its productivity. This had made them find the human utility of these inventions. This was the first step towards modifying the Political Science.
The Utility of the produces should be consumables, hence an approach towards changing the life-style. For trading concept changed towards creating ‘Market’. Market was created through manipulation and control of resources. A good study was made towards the available resources and generation of consumers, hence paved the way towards Colonization.
Colonization was mainly done through War and Defense strategies. This made the local province ruler to either submit their sovereignty by submission of defense in the hand of colonial masters or loose the province against the modern technique of warfare. When a land submits its defense strategy, then it loose its sovereignty and a non-sovereign nation can never be self-governed.
During the Colonial era the indigenous economy of the colonies was destroyed towards the benefit of economy process of the imperialistic powers. The self-sufficient villages were smashed with the complexities of taxes and commercial crops. This also destroyed the natural survival of Tribal through captivation of Forest Recourses that displaced the tribal from their original habitant and traditional survival.
Prior to Industrialization, the warfare mainly towards expansionist policy and the indigenous economy and social system were not destroyed by the Invaders. But after Industrialization, War was to control of Resources and Market the Produces. It was mainly a War for Consumers. This made them destroy the tradition and indigenous culture to make them consumer of the Produces.
The smashing of Village Economy and Tribal Economy left a major portion of population deprived and exploited. They remained a population without virtues that could give them survival. Moreover, the traditional knowledge, which is the legacy of the tribal / indigenous communities get patented by the Corporate leaving them virtue less.
Urbanization became the only way-out for these deprived communities for the survival, but urban capacity could not facilitate the whole population. This caused migration from the villages.
Industrialization could only serve the need of Urban Population and who are the actual taxpayer, which is only 30% of the total population of any developing or under-developed Land. Rest 70% of the population remains neglected and thus become a liability to the State. Since the resources are not generated from these neglected communities, they move towards poverty and acute hunger.
Besides Industrialization, there is another dimension towards ‘nurturing’ Poverty. Another dimension of Poverty is Mafiaism. Mafiaism is a lease system of Feudal system. The resources generation of Defacto governance is Killings by way of terrorism or contract killings, etc., smuggling of drugs, etc, human trafficking for Slavery, i.e. bonded labour, beggar or sexual slave. Poverty is the platform towards the generation of man-power towards these trades.
The third dimension of Poverty is Religious Conversion. Monotheism is a parallel regime within statehood. Conversion is actually an invasion in the Cultural Sovereignty. Conversion is an expansion of the Religious bodies. The expansion of these bodies helps the Control of Power in the Society. Conversion is done through facilitation either monetary or security. Missionaries give structural security, i.e. food, clothes, education, health, whereas, Jihad provides physical security. Both are done against Conversion. Missionaries use them towards Control of Power in Statehood, whereas Jihads use them towards organized crimes, hence poverty, deprivation and destitution is essential elements of Conversion, i.e. Cultural Expansionist Policy through Cultural Invasion. This is beyond Belief System.
The fourth dimension is Arms and Weapons manufacturer. The Guild of Arms and Weapon manufacturers use Poverty towards creating market for the sale of Weapons and defense solutions. Poverty is created, maintained and sustained by this guild through the various institutions mentioned above. The process of utilising the poverty is by creating cross border tension and internal security crisis. Every Region or Land hold communities that are weak and limited virtues. Such communities or Lands are used towards security crisis. The weapons are sold/given to these communities enable the main Land or Region buys the security measures. The protection of these deprived communities is done by Think Tank who places them as identity crisis / self-determination / separatism.
The fifth dimension of Poverty is NGOs / INGOs. NGOs are mainly a pressure group towards policy making. The facilitation towards poor and deprived are mainly towards realization the need of the people stuck in Poverty. But NGOs are basically a tool to create a fabric towards political affiliation. These groups captivate the State through donation based on tax exemption. Hence, it generates black money, resulting the stealing the State treasure, which is actually meant for People’s Welfare. They are also fund-raiser and collect fund from the Society and Institution in the name of Poverty elevation. The segmented and shattered characters of NGOs indicate that the idea towards Poverty alleviation is towards a Policy making than implementation. The Role of NGOs becomes a parallel governance system which is controlled by INGOs to, which they are accountable to and not the State. Hence, NGOs shrinks Statehood.
The Role of INGOs is more indicative. They are basically intruders in State Sovereignty. The State crises in the name of Humanitarian ground are used towards fund-raising and/or towards policy making that actually work towards the indicators mentioned above. They are biased and not vigilant to real issues. For example, placing a placing a thought provoking and conscience through picture of destitute child and calling for donations is another form of fund rising from the Community is called Institutional begging. For this poverty is very essential to sustain their survival.
The sixth dimension towards Poverty nurturing is Think Tank. Think Tanks play a major role towards Feudal strategists responsible for elevating poverty. The brain-drain from the main land and became a victim of Intellectual imperialism derive various approaches that raise conflicts in the society. These conflicts make the community occupied towards resistance and revolt against the state-system that further lead to diversification towards Human Development.
Regarding lack of Virtue, it is a continuous process. Poverty creates alienation from the mainstream and hence a neglected community that do not get the benefit of alleviation. Gradually, these virtues eliminate and hence they become only at receiving end. Charity in the name of hunger will only make them survive, but will not be able to generate skill. Gradually such communities die its own death.
In a nutshell poverty is created due to feudalistic approach of governance, where resources are controlled in few hand. In a dejure governance system, the resources reach to all since Law is Universal.
Chapter 2
Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education
Education is extremely important for human development. Learning with reasoning is the essence of Education. Reason paves the way towards progress ever since Man was born. Reasoning is a capability which varies from every Individual. This variation makes the appropriate layers in human virtues. The variations in human virtues make the society inter-dependable.
Education and Literacy are different and distinguish from each other. Education is a broader term and Literacy is a learning technical, i.e. read and write. Education means Skill development, Awareness and Moral upbringing.
In pre-Industrialization era, Education was available to all. The system of education was based on Micro distribution, i.e. family system. Family occupation was the main source for skill orientation. Moral upbringing was based on family valued system which was the unit of social and cultural values. Awareness was lacking due to limited exposure and closed units.
Industrialization changed the traditional system of Education towards Industrial need. Urbanization and migration from villages towards the survival distorted the family occupation and left the self-skilled occupation towards the Industrial skilled occupation. Industrial skilled occupation needed technical virtues which had unification and separation through level of skills.
Education during this era started taking a new shape. Virtue became Institution. Institutionalization of Human virtues started paving and creating a different form of governance system, which was distinct from its traditional nature. Printing Press and book publication was becoming a major source of Mass awareness. Mass awareness in the people made to find a new form of education, which is Literacy. Able to study and communicate was a big motivation factor towards Institutionalizing the Education.
Mass Education brought comparative education. This has made lots of social, political, cultural and economical changes. Later, it was gradually made Unification of Education system. The distribution of education, was thus, gradually changed towards homogeneous survival. The literacy, i.e. ability to read and write became the major tool towards achieving the goal.
The limitation of the modern education system became visible, when there was alarming difference between homogeneous education and heterogeneous virtues due to cultural variations. The conflict between homogeneous education and heterogeneous virtues led to reject of education by those who could not relate with the present system. This gave a visibility towards a cause of lack of development which became responsible for poverty. Poverty and education became inter-related and inter-connected in the modern education system.
As Industrialization paved many disorders in the Economy through control of resources, similarly, Education became a part of Industrial facilitation. Mass Production replaced indigenous economy, made the traditional economy became a setback. Homogeneous education paved a way for Mass Human Resources towards Mass production. Education became the tool towards servicing the input.
Literacy programme towards primary education became essential. This made the community to be able to read and write. But the question is, why there are schools drop out mostly after primary education? Is it inadequate infrastructure or inability to feed the need of the skill development and knowledge aspiration of the society?
Industrialization is western legacy and the education systems that facilitate the legacy is basically creating a stream towards a fabric of human resources that can be the Industrial worker. This has created an image building for those who do not follow the systems are backward and illiterate. This further made the traditional education and virtue development process a setback and totally neglected by the respective governance system.
Moreover, modern education needs a good infrastructure, which is not possible for those who do not accept the system resulting either waste of resources or seen as bad governance. Hence, the underdeveloped country and developing countries have to put lots of infrastructure towards creating Human Resources to facilitate the Industrial need of Western and Developed world. This makes the developing and under-developed to conflict not only with the indigenous economy, but also a conflict of virtues of their own community. This leads to brain drain. Hence, developed and underdeveloped are investing on Human Resources for the developed nation and not towards their own prosperity. So, in these regions, there is a total chaos of understanding between need and facilitation.
Another concern about homogeneous education system is that it creates Intellectual Slavery through Intellectual colonization. Education creates generation with a certain outlook. If this is captured that interest Western policies, then the polity will remain dependent of Western scholarships. This became the crisis of the present education system of the world since Western policies cannot feed the world through industrialization except for certain percentage of the population that helps them to capture the World market.
There is another crisis on homogeneous education system is that when the concept exhausts, which presently the World is facing that crisis. The economy policies of the Western scholarship have divided the world as Capitalist and Communist. These two ideologies are itself contradictory to each other and incomplete in itself. In this situation, the scholars are not able to find alternate mechanism that can resolve the economic crisis of the World.
Homogeneous scholarship creates crowd and not enlightenment because all evaluate it’s thinking within the parameter of their understanding and they are not able to find cure of the concerns due to their homogenous thinking. This is called intellectual colonization, which is causing the crisis towards survival of the masses. The Poverty is not because the Institutional Education could not reach to masses, but the Institutional Education is not able to provide Skilled Human Resources that can generate appropriate survival.
Chapter 3
Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women
The question of Gender Equality came mainly during World Wars. The concern for Women became a major political concern during the World War, since there were enormous losses of life and it was political set-up due to Conflict in Europe. It is the same way Slavery became the main concern in the wake of Machine that replaced manual mining and manual labour lost its significance.
Gender disparity was seen after Industrialization, when men moved to Urban towards employment. The change of production from agricultural to industrial good gave enormous impact in the social fabric.
Men and Women have a distinctive role in human society; Men are providers and Protection, whereas Women are the nurturer of the Society. This distinction is based on virtue which nature has provided them. The evolution of human society created virtues. From hunter and gather to settled habitation created two divisions in the society, i.e. ‘man’ and ‘woman’. The settlements created regimes, i.e. women and hunting and gathering created, Men that were explorer for resource generation and protector.
The settle regimes gave a new way towards organized life. From production, preservation, health care, education, culture and rituals towards binding the society. This created an arrangement of social contract. The contract of Statehood at macro level and also a contract of social bonding, i.e. marriage at micro level created a bonding, accountability and recognition of virtues.
Family is the micro unit of the Statehood. Family consists of husband, wife, children and old parents, i.e. three generations. The extension of family makes society and society is a macro regime of Statehood. The distinct role of man and woman in the family historically, that ‘man’ was Provider and Protector and ‘woman’ was Nurturer of the family. Man was limited towards overall governance towards survival and security of the family and woman was responsible towards feeding, healthcare, education, cultural and moral alleviation of the family. Women were also a support system towards resources generation. This had made then inclusive of the economic process.
Since women were the nurture of the society, so they had the significant placement in the society. They had social security in the form of social accountability. Economic independence was there since the families were self-sustained. Since, women were participant of economic process and the nurturer of the society, so the resources’ generation would remain with the women of the family that made her a significant placement of the society. She became a decision maker of the family.
The role of men was basically a link between Macro and Micro. They were the executor of the State-system along with micro governance from micro security and means of survival. This link between Micro regime and Statehood, the men of the society placed a significant role. This is the reason, women were made alienated from the decision making process at Macro level historically.
The division of the society has helped in growing civilisation and prosperity of the human society. Invasions could influence to political system, but the social system did not affect due to its intricate bonding and dependability.
But the situation changed our Industrialization. The Micro economy became the victim in the wake of Macro Economy. The Mass Production concept and a special technical skill made women as a participatory generation of economy got alienated. These led women alienated from the Economic process and remained a family building. The alienation from economy made them at the receiving end and hence became an absolute dependency on the man of the family towards the survival.
During this era, there has been lots of political change. Technological advancement and scientific development and form of governance system arose which was Institutional in nature. Medical, Education and Cultural Identity took place which replaced micro governance of the society. Modern understanding replaced traditional understanding which was State sponsored. The Political Economy influenced these Understanding and gradually women started loosing its hold in social governance. This made them unproductive mass. An unproductive community does not hold any dignity. These paved the way towards the deterioration of the condition of women and were treated merely as slaves. Many social evils emerged since the women were detached from the Cultural governance and Culture became an Institution towards Political Control.
During World Wars, there was a massive loss of Human Resources and Economy. Men joined Army and the workforce needed to compensate the Economy process, hence women were taken as substitute to Men at raising Economy. Industrial development and Women’s empowerment became a voice towards sustaining the economy. This gave women a new identity as Industrial Worker from the Nurturer of the Society, here the role of women remained as support system and became a waged labour.
Since women were substitute labour and its limitation towards its technical skill as an inherent nature and biological difference, there were unequal treatments towards women. These paved the way for Gender disparity and hence were taken as a social, political and economy inequality.
Till Pre-cold war era, the State was controlling the resources and institution of governance. Social sector was totally shattered and women started enjoying their new role due to financial independence. The taste for financial independence pave the way towards Individualism than the family system. Gradually, families bonding faced a strong challenge and started breaking. Broken marriage makes society shattered.
Replacing women at micro level and taking nurturing of the polity of the Statehood became a Welfare State, where State had to guarantee the survival of all. This became a very expensive burden on the State-system. The concept of Libertarian was induced where State withdrew from the Welfare mechanism. State withdraw it welfare measures, but given the provision to the private player who will extend such facilities to its Staff. Now the institutionalization of nurturing of the society became the economy generation process, whether it is health sector, education or cultural. Women remained as workforce.
Limiting statehood towards security made State a tool to the economy generation. The policies and laws were in favor of maximum profit. This influenced the Human Resources as well. The society turned disorganized and economy took mushroom effect without any co-ordination between Society and State.
Loss and Limitation in employment generation due to the maximum profit orientation, women became the first victims. To sustain their placement, women were further exploited due to it’s sexual favor. This created a fabric called sexual slavery.
Since the State has closed its visibility towards social correction, there arose a demand from the women’s community for their voice to be heard towards destitute women. Political representation seemed to be only tools towards this mission and hence claimed towards political reservation in the Policy making institution. Women being 50% of population, their demand cannot be ignored and so, they are being entertained towards such preferential Laws.
But the question remains, how it can substitute the feminism of the society that is responsible for nurturing the next generation into a ‘Workforce’. Women are inborn with Love, Compassion and Caring. The NGOs have taken away this role and became a community nurturer then what is remained for the Women in the society and how she should be identified? Is she is a Workforce and Sexual-slave that is facilitating the Mass need.
The Role of Women as Mother is being smashed that is responsible for nurturing the next generation, i.e. future of the society. The Role of Wife who is a committed support system to her husband, who make him binding with the norms of the society and prevent him from the distraction and makes him responsible. The Role of Women as Daughter, who makes herself available to the Old parents who are dependable due to shrinking health and last stage of life.
Besides human relations, women at home were further extending the social responsibility. As inherited characteristics women are preservers. The preserved the environment and ecological concerns. They are also preserver of Cultural Values. They are vigilant towards social, cultural and environment misconduct. Women being a creative element, she continuous strives for innovation and exploration, which can further generate resources.
This is called micro governance. Women consist of 50% the population, out of which 20% of women gives a suitable micro governance of the whole state-system. She nurtures family, take care of old people, by way of health and education. She also looks after environment and social relationship. She does it with her natural virtues and does not need Institutional education system. This is a big Welfare measure of State-system which women take care unconditionally with her Love, Affection and Care.
After, Industrializations and Institutionalization, the social virtues of the society have been destroyed, which was responsible for the deterioration of the Social Values. Losses of social values have created Organized Crimes. All the crimes are generated because of lack of social governance since crime generates from social fabric due to lapse of social governance.
Gender Equality can only come when there is recognition to the Women’s Natural Virtue, i.e. Nurturer of the society, i.e. next generation. Procreation and motherhood is the most valued role in Human Society since it makes the continuity and evolution of Human Civilisation.
Chapter 4
Goal 4: Reduce child mortality rates
Diseases and health concern and immature mortality especially children below five years are the major concern for Africa in comparison with the rest of the world. Though ample efforts are taken by International Agencies, but seem Africa is the biggest challenge. To understand this, it is necessary to evaluate that what makes Africa a biggest challenge for health correction. The health concerns in Africa will have distinct analogy to understand the crisis in the region.
Africa is the Womb of the Earth and womb is the most sensitive to infection than rest of the body. The Evolution of human beings have originated from Africa. That makes Africa flourished in Bio-diversities and human being is one of them. Africans are the natural form of human species. And the Human Evolution expands from Africa. In a way, Africa is an Infant state, which has very low immunity capacity make them prone to infection and diseases.
Human Race is divided in four virtues of the Human Life, i.e., Infant, Youth, Parent and Enlightenment which leads to Spirituality. Infant is a stage, when there is a complete dependency on its parents and most prone to invade through disease, scarcity and ignorance. Gradually, with appropriate nurturing, the immunity increases and they are able to resist the invasion from diseases through knowledge and means of survival.
Human Race and evolution is a continuous process. Africans are the base of Human Evolution. The various races of Human society have expanded from Africa. Just, the way every Brahimin (Scholar) were Shudra (Base) at one state of Life, according to Indian context. The Human Race is an Evolution through the process of Soul Purification. Soul is the engine in Human body, which mobilizes and activates the human action. Immunity in the human body is related to the purity of souls. A pure soul body is minimum victim of illness.
Regarding Africa being a disease prone region, it is mainly because this region generates Life. This makes Africa richest in the bio-diversity in comparison with any part of the world. Africans being the infant of Human race, their immunity towards diseases is the lowest in comparison with other region. This makes those infected from various illnesses.
The varied tribal community with their indigenous traditional knowledge is equipped with the correction measures of the tribal diseases. Their pagan belief system helps them to generate the power of immunity fight against the causes of diseases.
Religious Conversion invades in the region made disrupted in the pagan belief system, which was more as prevention than cure. This has infested conflict in cultural upbringing. Tribal knowledge towards health is prevention. Prevention makes those bonded with the norms of the region and environment.
The cures of diseases are just not provision of medical treatment, but also towards ecological process. That is why in the Pagan belief system, environment is nurtured through care and preservation.
The Institutionalization of Medical service invaded and converted the traditional knowledge towards technological knowledge. Traditional knowledge was based on prevention and care, whereas, technological knowledge for health is based on cure through oral and vaccine. This makes technological health system towards ‘individual cure’, but tradition health system gives ‘community care’.
Community care is only possible through community participation, and understanding the significance of traditional knowledge. Traditional knowledge is naturally grown and not imposed knowledge. It has developed through causes and cure historically from generation to generation. The indigenous community can only be protected from the diseases with the combination technological knowledge, i.e. vaccine and oral with their traditional knowledge support. This will make a combination of Prevention, Cure and Care.
Human Development with appropriate survival makes any community to be self-sufficient, whether it is health care or education. No modern system can substitute a naturally grown system since naturally grown systems are a process of evolution, but it can be a complimentary to each other. Modernity rejecting traditional leads to rootless, whereas, traditional without evolving makes them dieing gradually.
Hence, if the traditional system of the indigenous communities is collaborated with the modern ailments, African health crisis would not remain a challenge.
Regarding the reduction in Child mortality rate, the various immunization processes is needed and involvement of mother is very important. Mother should be accountable to child’s health. Generally, in the modern system of NGOs governance, child and mother health care have been taken separately. Child have been given a separate segment and alienated from mother. If mother is required to care for her health and her child, it will save lots of man-power and efforts.
The traditional system of mother and child health care had a significant placement. In the traditional belief, mother and child were alienated from the routine life just to prevent the infection. A mass awareness programme to be introduced accommodating women of the region towards awareness for mother and child health care. This will make a participatory activity than mere a given care.
Health care has a very relevant connection to Poverty and Development. Lack of Human Development leads to poverty and ignorance and ignorance makes neglected health care. Ignorance towards health care means negligence towards Human value. For any State-system, Institutionalization of Health care is very expensive by way of resources and appropriate professional. The Health system can only be taken care through appropriately utilizing Women as nurturer. Family is a single unit of the State, and Women are the first-hand of health care.
Education should be designed in such a way that the primary health education is given to woman so that it can give a first aid of the health need. Involving women in the health care through Mass awareness programme will make the issue participatory. When the regimes help to resolve the issue, it becomes more result oriented and a long-term solution and also less cost effective
Another concern towards sexual transmitted diseases is due to open sex culture. The erosion of the family system and/or lack of social, moral and ethical accountability to Human Relations have made sexual behavior ungoverned and nomadic. Anything is beyond norms and governance become a disease in the society, similar is the thing with sexually transmitted disease like HIV / AIDS.
Family system checks nomadic tendencies. The commitments on relationships make numerous social and political concerns. The formation of families paved the way towards civilisation from the hunter and gathering tendencies. The nomadic tendencies led by exploration priced a lot to human life. The tribal that survived from hunting and gathering were more prone to sexual diseases than to those who are settled with civility.
The global political economy has paved the way towards global migration, hence the nomads also expanded due to de-rooting themselves from the family system. Migration make the community / individual alienated from the cultural bonding and hence become rootless that binds them to the cultural value. Multiple sexual relations with known and unknown partner make more vulnerable to sexual diseases. So, migration is major cause towards the sexual orientation with multiple partners. Hence, diseases transmitted from one person to other as well. It is a psychological effect that an infected person will never bother for checking towards transmission, but will be sufficiently negligent towards checking the infection to the counter partner. Ungoverned sex, i.e. sex beyond social norms makes an animal instinct that is more vulnerable to diseases.
So, to control the sexually transmitted diseases, one needs to see a larger aspect towards resolving the crisis that immediate bailout. Sex is the basic instinct, when governed creates civility. A civilized society is well equipped to check child mortality, maternal health and sexually transmitted diseases.
Chapter 5
Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability
Human is an axis of environment, when we work towards its development, we are able to give an overall solution. So, towards a sustainable environment, we need to view the issues of environment in a broader aspect than mere in technical terms. Indigenous population, traditional economy and pagan belief system are the inter-related and inter-dependent discipline towards Environment Sustainability.
Women are synonyms of environment and hence related as regime whether it is Human Society, Land or Nature. Women are the nurture of the society so, the environment. Environment, i.e. air, water, biodiversity, etc. has great extent of dependency and interdependency to the Women in concern. Women were the protector of environment through it’s indigenous economy. The value of bio-diversity and its essence to human life where well understood and nurtured. Women became the most effected community under the brand of Modernization that made them completely jobless and alienated from the regular livelihood.
Pre-industrialization era, the environmental concerns were taken care of by the tribal, the indigenous habitats. Their sources of survival were from the environment itself, whether from biodiversity or from water through cultivation. The norms towards its preservation to the environment were the pagan belief system.
The complete survival from the biodiversity could facilitate the tribal need. From food, shelter, fuel, herbs, etc. The knowledge of the traditional knowledge was carried out from generation to generation. Hence, this system made the tribal a complete in itself. The relationships to these communities with the main-stream society were basically the extraction from the bio-diversities. This became the raw material to trade the products meant for major utilization and export.
The women of these tribal communities were the preserver of the bio-diversities through Pagan belief system. Pagan Belief system is basically worshipping energies floating in the environment and in its physical form so that they can be preserved towards the human good. Worshipping nature means beyond destruction. Utility of the resources is done only after worshipping is an indication that utility is based on need, so it made a sustainability of the Natural Resources. Another factor of the Pagan Belief system is basically to value the sources of survival and its preservation. Once source of survival is destroyed, then it becomes the cause of extinction of the indigenous community.
During the era of Mass Production through Industrial technologies, the market became important towards picking raw material and market of end product. The Indigenous communities became the target towards the raw material and the urban population became the market for the end product. This became a two distinct demarcation for the polity of a particular nation. Urban population became a polity of appeasement, and tribal became a polity towards exploitation. Urban population was facilitating their remuneration, whereas indigenous population was targeted as blockades towards their vendors.
Acts and Policies were enacted on the vendors for procurement of the raw material through the concept of degradation of bio-diversities and ecological hazards. This blocked the control of indigenous communities towards the natural resources. The Forest Laws alienated the indigenous community from their source of existence, which facilitated them with food, health, shelter and occupation. They became jobless and gradually de-rooted from their own traditional identity.
Missionaries played a significant role here to create a safety-valve to sustain their policies of extraction of natural resources. Through conversion, indigenous communities were given the structural support, i.e. food, education and health. But it could not rehabilitate the whole population. This created a difference in the polity, in which one section became a part of monotheism, and rest remained in their traditional practice.
The loss of opportunity to those abandoned tribal community protested against the imperialistic power that captured their resources and made them practically displaced. This protest turned into War as Naxal and Maoist, in Indian context that became the hand tool towards the international politics after World War II and officially decolonization. The indigenous community survived on traditional economy became a great threat to the Internal security to which the governance system took as Anti-National.
Hence, a major part of those who were the actual protectionist of the environment derailed to their role towards sustainability of the environment became war wager.
After the Cold war, the liberal economy and under Structural Adjustment Programme, the Natural Resources, which was the State property turned into the hand of private players. Gradually, State lost its control on the Natural Resources and there was a complete nexus of Mafia that again became threat for Environment sustainability.
Natural Resources are the State property because it belongs to its polity and not to any individual. Sustainable utility of the Resources cannot be possible without State-governance system. Liberal Economy and Globalization erode the State governance and makes a shrink State. Hence, environmental suitability will never be possible unless they are governed through Law and its enforcement.
Indigenous community if not rehabilitated to its original form, will not only make the environment unprotected and contaminated, but will also be a great threat to the security of the Nation. But displacement of the indigenous community and make them as a war wager help the arms manufacture a good market, whereas, control of resources by the private handler give them enormous remuneration beyond accountability. So, it is important to understand whether Sustainability of Environment is really favoring the Global Political Economy? Or it is just like any International concern that provides presence in the World Forum and is a tool to invade State Policies?
Chapter 6
Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development
Development is a very important term to evaluate the parameter of global partnership. Is the Development is towards Human Virtue or towards the Economic growth? There is a vast difference between Growth and Development. Growth means enlargement, whereas Development means enhancement in virtues of the land. Growth leads to accumulation of wealth and creates a demarcation between the society, whereas, development reaches to all and its approach has to be indigenous than global.
Global Partnership for Development needs to be evaluated within the framework of Governance, Sovereignty and Trade. Development of any corner of the World Land, need to have a self-sufficiency approach.
The present system of global partnership is under the concept of dependency. The inter-dependency is based on procurement, production and purchases. These are mainly economy interest. The core-periphery theory of dependence is a present adoption of the Global Political Economy. Political Economy means when Political set-up is based on Economical approach. Similarly, Global Political Economy is also in accordance with the Economy interest. Now, the question arise, whose economy interest is managing Global Politics, this need evaluation.
Prior to Industrialization, the World economy was mainly into trading based on the indigenous need. The self-sufficiency of economy based on the need of the local / regions. The economy based on basic need of the local mainly food, clothing and artifacts were the main commodities of trading. After the needs the luxuries like gems, etc. were also the trading resources.
The politics of the World during the Pre-Industrial era was basically an expansionist policy, i.e. cultural expansion or loot the wealth. Cultural invasion was mainly based on imperialism and expansion of dynasties and loot of wealth was basically through invasion and intrusion. The tools were based on battle and wars. But these approaches never affected the local economy.
During the Colonial Era, i.e. during Industrialization, the Mass Production and its market became the Political Economy. The invasion through trading and then a batter system towards the exchange value, i.e. defense and administration against purchase of raw material and sale of end use became the political understanding with the local rulers. A fabric of Colony and its local agents became the control of Power.
After drastic consequences of World Wars due towards Power crisis in Europe, made the decolonization process in the World. But, these decolonization processes did not give a solution to the Invasion through technologies and search for market. The process of capturing market through war and invasion became too expensive that the resources’ generation through trade.
In the process, the colonies that got the independence / self-determined remained half-baked. They have tasted the cake of technologies, but did not get the know-how. So, this has made them follow the unfinished task of the colonial rulers and they became the follower of Western development.
This created a demarcation in the world to which the groups were formed as developed nations, developing nations and under-developed nations. The measurements of these segments were mainly through economic generation and infrastructural development by ignoring Human Development.
The guilds and groups were formed primarily the trade interest which was based on the demarcation in the world society. The theory of dependency became the world political tool. The concepts like core-periphery were mainly based on the resources’ availability and its utilization, whether for Human Resources or Raw material along with Market. The World system was based on available resources and its utilization. This has made World System based on Economy. The World Institutions were made as a regulatory authority, which will regulate the Economy interest and its dependence.
The term “dependence” itself excludes the sense of ‘sovereignty’. This creates many political, social and cultural crises. The dependence theory created a fabric that could create economic elevation to those nations that became a part of the mission, but this generated huge political crisis which led to Wars, terrorism, identity crisis, social disintegration, cultural abuses, crime generation and of course stagnation in Human Development.
The wealth generation through “dependence” theory and the ‘World System’, the INGOs and NGOs network is created, which was catering the social needs. This invaded the sovereign of the Statehood and created a parallel governance system. NGOs are separated from the statehood through tax evasion. The donation that is given to NGOs is also having tax exemption. This makes the State treasures shared with NGOs.
Another tenant of the Global Political Economy is the technology replacing human skills. The innovation of technologies replacing the human skills making ample vacation towards non-utilization of human skills is generating unemployment. The enormous utility of technologies has compensated the human resources. This created more surplus values with less Human Resources concern. Though it has benefited the economy generation, but made the human skills unused or limited utilities which pave the way towards poverty.
Another concern of global political economy is migration. Migration, which is creating a lot of cultural mess is a creation of Global Political Economy. Cultural sovereignty and racial discrimination is creating a political crisis at world over. The more menace is illegal migration, which is creating lots of indigenous stability. The migration is the process of movement, where people move from deprivation and limitation to those regions where there is ample of survival means. This is the reason, the rest of the world move to first world countries since their own nation is not able to provide adequate means of survival due to the control of resources generation through Global Political Economy.
Migration creates another form of political crisis. The migrated communities fulfill the gap or vacuum of the skill in case of absence. Gradually, they establish themselves and the indigenous communities get ignored. The fulfilling the gap of skills through migrated communities make the virtue development process weak and gradually leads to racial conflicts or cultural wars. This raises security crisis and state concerns.
Though any economy is based on resources generation, i.e. the main-stream economy, which facilitates the human need and local needs, but global political economy is generating overheads towards global transportation system. The sudden rises of aviation industries are a support system of Global Political Economy. The huge rise of global commuter is making overhead expenses of the actual economy, which makes shrinking of surplus value and also making huge explorations of Petrol, which is again a major concern of the present political situation.
The tool to control region and bringing them into the fabric of Global Political Economy is Terrorism and Internal security crisis. Where these measures fail, War is waged on towards various humanitarian concerns. War, Terrorism and internal security crisis is the outcome of Global Political Economy. When the indigenous economy is destroyed by the Global Political Economy, then there is a big vacuum is created in economy.
Dependence Theory and the World System created a division in governance and the Polity. The two divisions, i.e. the Polity that could avail the benefit of the Global Partnership and those who could not become the part of the dependency fabric due to it’s cultural, education and lack of scientific approach. The erosion of the Statehood and its share of the resources made the second section of the Polity neglected and ignored.
The shrinking of State-system makes a major concern for the Polity to whom they have submitted their ‘General-Will’ towards their governance system, i.e. Provision and Protection. In case of Economy is controlled by Global Institutions, then what accountability the State holds to its polity. This leads to corruption due to shrinking state and its limitation towards economic governance.
Indigenous economies get neglected and gradually die due to improper input and support from the state. They face a heavy competition by way of appropriate human resources and technological advancement and also from the investments and state-policies that facilitate global political economy ignoring the indigenous economy. This further leads to unemployment and expand the fabric of poverty.
The Recession which the World system is facing is due to the above reason. Recession arises when there is a lack of resources to meet the expenses administrative system of the governance mechanism. This is happening in Europe, when the economy became homogeneous under European Union and even though besides numerous failures in the World Economic system, India is still able to meet its economy stability.
It is not important what governance system it is, i.e. whether it is democratic or autocratic, but the importance lies with the ability to utilize the human skills and generation of resources through these skills.
Dependence Theory and World System is creating a parallel governing system that is eroding the State-sovereignty to which people submit their ‘General-Will’. The concept of special economic zones, accumulate the regional economies and create a power crisis. This again creates regional colonies or intra-state colonies within the statehood. These further create Regional imbalances and pave ways towards poverty in the region.
Chapter 7
Towards Correction
After evaluating, the concerns that caused many blockages to Human Development, it is important to make efforts towards correction.
1. To brief up the previous discussion, an evaluation have been made to the factual causes of Poverty and acute hunger. The Institutionalizations of the social development and the mass production replaced the self-sufficient economy have created a drastic changes in the indigenous governance system. The poverty which became the survival tool of the many institutions is also been highlighted. Survival of few is dependent of the deprivation of masses is also been explained systematically. The lack of environment due to narrow state-policies made the skill oriental very limited to facilitate the technological advancement. The technological advance gave good livelihood to a few, but could not give universal survival. The market to sell technologies became the basic focus towards economic generation than utilization of technologies for Universal good. Science and Technologies substituted human skill and wisdom, which left a mass of people ignored and neglected. Neglected communities generate poverty and further to acute hunger.
2. Further it is also been evaluated, the gender equality comes when there is equal recognition of the gender contribution in the development of the society. Gender has its own role in social development and ignoring such role through scholarship fantasies brings social disorder. Replacing women who are the nurturer of the society and converting them into industrial worker has substituted women inbuilt virtues to the institution of community worker through non-government organization. A vast workforce towards social upbringing has been destroyed in the name of women’s liberalization. Woman who was equipped with love, care and compassion towards, children, old generation, environment and economy support has been created a competitor to the man’s domain and developed rivalry than a complementary to each other though both of them have the distinct role in the social governance. Gender conflicts have been created by ignoring the respective role of both genders towards social responsibility.
The ignorance of the society and shrinking state-system and negligence towards women as society builder is generating prostitution, which is the mother of Crimes, Mafia and Terrorism in any society. Prostitution is nomadic tendencies in the human society, which always threaten the mainstream society, which brings many social concerns. Further Prostitution is a hub and mother of all crimes since criminals are created out of them and gets protection and creates and strengthen the para-community (defacto) which always threatened the peace and prosperity of the mainstream society (dejure).
3. Educations which are a broader term and have a huge facilitation towards the Human Development have been narrowed due to its Institutionalization in nature to facilitate the Industrial Development. Education is a process towards generation, collection and distribution of human experience and its expertise. Education is a skill orientation, awareness, carrier of heritage, research and execution and implementation. The varied section of education into a mass scale towards resources generation will make the segment unorganized and shattered. Mass scale orientation makes the target conflicts of orientation and gradually they disassociate with the system. That is why it is often observed either they do not wish to be part of those imposed education system or they leave them in the midway since this does not give the survival techniques. Is the Education system has been designed in such a way that only facilitates the Developed Nations through Intellectual colonization, these needs evaluation? The present system has created two nations World over that is being the facilitator to the Industrial needs and those whose knowledge has lost its significance in the era of Technology.
4. It has also analysed with a case study of Africa region why this region is the main health concerns and also the raise of maternal and infant mortality. Africa being the womb of the Earth, it generates life. Generation of Life makes this region a facilitator or the critical region amongst all the region of the World. Africa is an infectious region due to its region of origin makes the major morality rate due to absence of concerns. The traditional knowledge based on Pagan belief system, made the tribal survive and maintained it is natural virtue. Three issues, which is the concern in the Development programme is to reduce the rate of mortality, maternal health care and combating the diseases like Malaria, HIV and other infectious diseases. All these concerns are distinct in nature and have different treatment. The Mortality due to absence of health care can have the equal partnership of the modern advancement through vaccine and traditional knowledge of Prevention / Precaution and Care that makes the environment participatory.
Traditional knowledge is an original knowledge, which is based on the virtue of the region. Ignoring such knowledge and imposing the modern knowledge usually conflicts with the nature of the region. Modern health care knowledge could resolve the crisis on one to one basis and with the continuous input. This is something at par with the traditional knowledge. Traditional knowledge is a part of social system as a social ritual with social participation. It does not need foreign intervention. Any development in this region should be a part of these rituals and the development though it has traditional values. This will upgrade the knowledge and bring them at par with modern understanding.
Regarding Maternal Health, this is an inter-connected issue with the Gender disparity and sustainable environments. The huge captivation of environments and modern sources of survival make the tribal women destitute and ignored. The unproductively of such community makes their health hazards insignificant and gradually that led to ill-health. Women when ignored with its potential are a path towards its degradation. The role of the woman is being substituted by Institution and they are made completely ignored and in receiving end. The Maternal Health and the condition of women’s physiological crisis can only be dealt with Social process and its economic support which can only be done by recognizing its role in the society. A woman when she starts caring the society, automatically gets looked after by the society. Hence, Maternal Health is more a socio-economic issue than mere a medical concern.
The generation of health diseases in the Region is part of nature. Malaria, Infectious diseases is due to its bio-diversity in nature. Here, modern health technique can participate through awareness programme of precaution, preventions and through vaccine and medical help. This is a modern arrangement when the Institutional medical support needs generation. Though with the huge populace in the region along with its victims there is a need of institutionalization of medical support with different intervention. A social/local participation is needed that importing the medical support. A cost effective and a permanent solution can only be made when there is a local participation in the crisis. They will acknowledge, implement and development the solutions and remedies to the crisis. Such effort will become a part of Traditional knowledge in the forthcoming generations and will become a part of local culture and traditions.
5. It has also been evaluated the various reasons that have created serious concerns towards environmental hazards due to absolute ignorance of indigenous / tribal communities. Alienating tribal from the environment is nurturing a tree in a pot. Trees are grown naturally with its root in deep. Similarly, tribal are the protector of the environment. Human being is the part of environment, protecting nature and ignoring the humanity is the basic flaw in achieving sustainable environment. Nature is a natural grown. Neither it can be destroyed by humanity, nor could it be built. The pollution through industrial waste that is destroying the water purity and killing the aqua natural habitation and shrinking biodiversity and causes the concern for CO2 emissions is nothing but the consequences of the global economic process. Destroying the local and indigenous economy and grabbing the resources towards the facilitation of few world-wide is the main concern of the environmental hazards. The concern of the sanitation, slum dwellers and the poor living standards is the cause of urbanization due to control of economy in the special economic zones. The ungoverned distribution of resources concentrated on the Industrial Development is squeezing the need of the rest of the parameter of the other dwellers. The concerns highlighted by many conventions towards the environmental hazard, need to evaluate the cause and gather the courage to confront the cause of the crisis. Unless this is done, it will merely remain as events of political discourse and a control system, between various levels of world governance and again survival of few through these events.
6. In the final target of the Development programme, the evaluations have been made that how the global development process is a narrow concept in the present political understanding. Global Partnerships is a multi-facet concept, i.e. Economic, Social and Cultural development process. Economic partnership is alienated from social and cultural development process. Though the present call for the development partnership is based on social and cultural participation, but by keeping away the Economic process will remain incomplete that address the concerns of social, political and cultural conflicts. Global economic understanding has created a fabric that has controlled the State governing system towards economic policies, under core-periphery theory. This is making a concentrated of Economic development in the Region, which is again creating internal core-periphery system. The core-periphery, whether it is in Global scenario or national scenario, always concentrate the facilitation by compromising others’ utilities. This creates Regional imbalances. In any land, one will be equipped and other might be unequipped. But the state-system is to make a system that the unequipped region also becomes self-dependent. But in the core-periphery arrangement, special economic zones are established so that economy process has a smooth sailing towards Global partnership. It gives ample space towards creating a smooth pass to capture the resources (raw and human) and also towards control of Market. In this arrangement other regions only became a support system, resulting to poverty and deprivation to the region. So, the core-periphery theory is mainly an economic system, which is separated from Universal Survival.
Global development cannot be on the basis of social charity, like food security, etc. through fund-raising system of INGOs and NGOs. Global Development partnership will only be effective, when there is appropriate environment towards skill development. If the Global Development milestone is to achieve, it can only be done through evaluating the indigenous economy and available resources and its utility. Comparative trade has made ample complexities in the trading system. To which consumers are not able to get a satisfied products as well as there is great international tension due to trading competition and grabbing of market. Numerous tools are used to compel the region to compromise its trading interest. Internal security crisis is one of them. Internal disturbances through insurgencies, land disputes, separatist crisis, etc. are the tool to compel the region towards compromised trade.
The evaluation concluded with Poverty is created due to the present governance approach of the World system based on the global political economy. After the disasters of the World Wars and the physical colonization in the various continents that led a huge power crisis in Europe. This compelled them to have a new understanding towards economy and foreign relations approach so that the peace remains in the First World and there should not be a Power race and their approach towards the exploration of raw material and market remain intact to facilitate Industrial world.
The ongoing World Governance system is based on the results of World War II and with the end of Cold War, the smash the ideological war which led to a World system based on Liberal Economy. The invasion through Structural Adjustment Programme made the Economy of the Individual Sovereign State to open up Economy in the World Governance system than Individual State Control. The Foreign Direct Investment and invasion of Multinational Companies made the National Economy to the Local Economy which shrinks the market which has negligible purchasing power. This resulted to the loss of transaction and dieing industries. Thus, it has established a new era of Neo-colonization.
Colonisation in any form whether Market, Resources or Intellectual is basically feudal in nature. Feudal governance is always defacto state. A defacto is synonyms of Power. Since the Power is controlled by emotions than reasoning, its sense of insecurity always makes the system corrupt, i.e. exploited, subjugated and deprived. Global Political Economy is a facilitator of defacto state system.
Human society is an extension of human body. The way human body is governed by three states, i.e. emotions (heart), reason (head) and spiritualism (soul), similarly, the Human society is also governed by Power, Law and Religion. These are three forms of governing system. Power makes cluster, Law is Universal and Religion makes closed community.
Since Power makes cluster so, it is not able to facilitate the whole community and there will be a major portion of the society that will be deprived, subjugated and exploited. Religion is a closed community and has a variation due to cultural difference, so it makes segmented. Hence, Religious governance is only a micro governance system, which is based on customs and traditions. Governance by Law is Universal. It makes the society a cultural sovereignty and universal survival and security. This curtails and checks the power governance that is based on exploitation, deprivation and subjugation, which makes the society corrupt.
When Religion is being utilized by Power it makes Religion blind and abuses the society, but when Religion supports Law, it generates Moral enhancement and enlightenment in the society. Religion is extremely important in the society, just the way Soul is important is the human body. In the absence of Soul human body is dead; similarly, the absence of Religion makes the Society, shattered, raw and nomad.
Any form of governance, whether it is dictatorship or democratic system, the absence or weak law system makes the governance corrupt. The corruption, which is the major concern of the World issue, is basically, the shrinking of Dejure governance in the State-system or the World System.
In my forthcoming thesis, I will explain, how we can have a dejure governance system that will make Universal survival through Structural Governance, which will further resolve the issues like Poverty, Acute Hunger, Health issues, sustainability of Environment and Global Partnership towards Development.
Structural Governance is a system do not curtail individuality, but certainly do not allow to invade others survival. Structural Governance system based on the Social virtues, i.e. base, economy, administration and scholarship brings excellence in virtues whether individual or community that creates a strong network in the society, which is based on inter-dependent towards self-sufficiency and self-decisive than dependency through core-periphery channel.
Food, clothing, shelter, health, education, environment and development are the basics in the Human society, which is common beyond any discrimination of race and region. These make us share a common identity, i.e. Humanity. All the virtues and discipline in understanding the Human races meant to be inter-linked and inter-connected. Human society cannot merely survive on the theories of Economy, since Economy is generated through Human Virtues and needs Administrative system to govern and vigilant and Scholarship makes a value added and advancement / progress in the civilisation. So, ignoring any aspect of the society makes the society unstable and stagnated.
Women and Scholars are extremely important in the society. Both are the nurture of the society. Both nurtures the next generation and make a continuity of the Human society. Any communities that ignore, subjugate, captivate and abuses women and scholars are towards its decline.
