Politics of Drugs – Issues, Strategies and Solutions
Executive Summary
The history of transnational
crime started from the Islamic era when the religious conversion was a State
policy through religious tax and forced by destroying the local belief system
in the process of expansion of Political arena.
Gradually it was further established into the economy during the
colonial era, which is evident in two Opium Wars where trade was manipulated
through the economy of drugs and falsification of International Law through
Treaty of Nanky. The invasion on Economy
through manipulative diplomacy and weapon without any political accountability paved
the way for International Crime by European imperialism.
The relevance of drugs in the
democratic sector has a crucial role in manipulating the population for the
political process since the toxic of drugs make the population surrender their
reasoning capacity and become a tool that facilitate the illicit economy and
generate funds for the democratic process.
Illicit economy is fulfilling the
vacuum that is created by the licit economy in the post-Cold-War era. The Global Policies such as Structural
Adjustment Programme which makes the shrink of State control though created
huge enterprising opportunities, but the absences of governance turned a huge
financial frauds and economic crimes in tune of Liberalization. Further
Comparative Trade invaded the local economy in the era of Globalization which
further created a huge population of unskilled labour.
The explosion of unskilled
population in the wake of Technological era became a hand tool of the illicit
economy and trafficked to the land of destination towards forced labour in the
hazardous industries, sexual slavery, drugs trafficking and also became an army
towards contract killing whether cross border or internal security. The peripheries of the trafficking crimes become
victim organ smuggling, beggar rackets and involvement of children on
shop-lifting, other street crimes, etc.
Though there are enough scope of
Men, Women and Children in the illicit economy, but the major victims of these
human trafficking are Women and Children.
Children are nurtured in every crime and by the time they become adult
they are well equipped in the Trade.
Women are the multi-facet that not only facilitate the sex-trade, but
also promote the drugs market and other periphery activities.
These trafficked populations or
the unskilled population is further organized by the Scheme of Unique
Identification Number (UID) sponsored by the Government through private players
and keeping a biometric data of those populations that can be further availed
and kept a track for the trafficking for the illicit economy.
Democracy and Drugs are
interconnected. Drugs remained a tool to
manipulate power historically and it was more used to toxic the army and
towards inheritance process of the Crown or the family legacy. It is similar in the democratic processes
which help to acquire Political Power, hence toxic to the population that would
not only be a tool towards vote mobilization, but also work towards violent
protests or the proxy war in tune of terrorism under the theory of Minority
against Majority in the name of the democratic process.
The licit and illicit migration
both have the impact in the social-economy and political set-up in the land of
destination. Though licit migration
deprive the virtue development process whereas, illicit migration brings an unskilled
population which further become a liability of the State-system in wake of
security, food, health, education, employment and cultural misalliance.
The legacy of the strategies
taken in the wake of the global policies such as Comparative Trade to avail the
trade benefits to facilitate the imperialistic agenda of the Western nations through
the smuggling of opium and the invading the Canton system to infiltrate the
Chinese market which was based on indigenous consumption. Further the comparative trade was more vigilant
in the colonies like India
where Indigo and opium became the prime cultivation that benefited the British
economy at the cost of the fertility of land or traditional economy. Comparative Trade always destroyed the local
economy to facilitate the economy of the powerful nations.
The modification in the Canton system was
replaced by the Special Economic Zone which became alienated from the National
jurisdiction and Tax laws. The capturing
of the Lands by manipulating and deception from the farmers and getting the
benefits of all resources whether human resources, power, water, infrastructure
on low cost further deprives the local population. The rise of real estate in tune of urban
development to facilitate the migration population for the SEZ requirement pave
enough space for the illicit economy through pub culture that promoted drugs,
prostitution, crimes and forced labour for the periphery economies of
contractual basis alienating from Labour laws.
The Role of Semi-periphery in the
Dependence Theory has created these nations as a middleman between Core and
Periphery nations. All the
semi-periphery nations are in the coastal land and act as a transit nations for
all the licit as well as illicit economy.
The trafficked population move to transit nations by road and then they
are smuggled by sea route. The same
strategies are used for trafficking of drugs, counterfeit products and
arms. Transit nations are used for
inflow and outflow of the illicit economy.
The channel of illicit economy to
convert to licit economy has three phases, i.e. through real estate, entertainment
industry and share trading. The rise of
Corporatism have organized these channel and brought into its legitimacy. These corporate are further controlling the
political area through donations in tune of corporate social responsibilities
to NGOs and party fund and money laundering.
International sports also play a significant role in tune of extortion
from the corporate through branding and sponsorship and seizes the State
Treasure. The benefits of these events
reach to the Global players at the cost of State expenses and local
industries. The fabric of celebrities
is also used for extortion and becomes channel for money laundering. Extortion is also claimed through the micro
economy, which is distributed as area of Municipal, District, State and
National and further Global. All the
illicit economy such as adulteration, fake licenses and ration cards and
market, etc. are based on leased and allocation basis.
A multi-lateral strategy to be implementing
towards the combating mechanism of the transnational crimes is by strengthening
the dejure regime and invading the defacto regime. This can further be organized through the
World Governance which will be based on global tax system and arbitration
mechanism, i.e. rule of law that protects sovereign of state, cultural rights
and trade relations based on trade ethics.
The political process under the
umbrella of Political Party is the biggest challenge towards strengthening the dejure regime. The fund generates from the illicit economy
and the populations involved are the political worker irrespective of any
political party or ideology and these illicit activities are not limited to
crimes, frauds, adulteration, but also invading to the licit economy through
corruption and manipulations. The fund
generates through illicit means, i.e. crimes and corruption are further
circulated towards money laundering, which is an indigenous activity operated
by the Political workers in a democratic system.
The governance system based on
Guilds and Association through Structural governance that will block the path
of invasion of the illicit activities and make the system in a democratic in real
term since there will be a direct involvement of the people in the policy
making. The micro governance through
family system and social administration will check the community being
victimized by the toxic, prostitution and abduction of children. The skill development process bringing the
youth from the adolescent age will further protect them to get victimized into
the illicit activities which they normal get trapped since they get alienated
from the global education system.
The solutions of the organized
crimes are not limited to Criminal Justice System, but there is a need for
rehabilitation and social acceptance.
Hence, Laws are not sufficient, but implementation and rehabilitation
process are also crucial towards combating Organized Crimes which cannot limit
to the discipline of Criminology but to be studied within the perspective of
Political Science.
